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Alexandria, 1898: Nodes, Networks, and Scales in Nineteenth-Century Egypt and the Mediterranean

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  25 January 2017

Lucia Carminati
Lucia Carminati*
Affiliation:
History, University of Arizona
*
lcarminati@email.arizona.edu
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Abstract

In October 1898, the Italian vice-consul in Alexandria charged a group of Italians with participating in an anarchist plot to attack German Emperor Wilhelm II during his planned tour through Egypt and Palestine. This collective arrest produced unexpected outcomes, left a trail of multi-lingual documents, and illuminated specific forms of late nineteenth-century Mediterranean migration. Anarchists were among those who frequently crossed borders and they were well aware of and connected to what was happening elsewhere: they sent letters, circulated manifestos, raised and transported money, and helped fugitive comrades. They maintained nodes of subversion and moved along circuits of solidarity. Similarly, diplomats of Europe, Cairo, Istanbul, and local consular officials operated across borders and cooperated to hunt anarchists down. By following people who were on the move on boats, in post offices, and in taverns, I make a methodological and historiographical argument. First, I examine the Mediterranean as a space of flows and show how the Maghreb/Mashreq divide in Middle Eastern history has concealed webs and connections. Because anarchists and authorities acted on multiple fronts simultaneously, so must scholarship of this part of the world take account of several histories at once. Second, I look beyond the micro-macro binary to emphasize the interconnections and mutual implications of the micro, the macro, and everything in between. I highlight competing, intersecting, and even contradictory trajectories of some of these anarchist migrants’ belonging. As the affair of the bombs unfolded, all of these contradictions and scales of analysis became visible at once.

Type
Research Article
Information
Comparative Studies in Society and History , Volume 59 , Issue 1 , January 2017 , pp. 127 - 153
Copyright
Copyright © Society for the Comparative Study of Society and History 2017 

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100 R. Consolato, Romano, Alexandria to Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Rome, “Anarchici,” 20 Oct. 1898, B25, PI, ASDMAE.

101 Italian Consulate, Cairo, to Ministry of the Interior, Rome, to Italian Consulate in Alexandria, Port Said, Parrini Ugo Icilio, 27 Feb. 1901, B85, AE, ASDMAE.

102 Italian Consulate, Alexandria, Sentenza, 10 Feb. 1899, B25, PI, ASDMAE.

103 Italian Consulate, Alexandria, Sentenza, 23 June 1899, B25, PI, ASDMAE. On Vasai working at Penasson's, see also Vasai Pietro, undated, B85, AE, ASDMAE.

104 Italian Consulate, Romano, Alexandria to Ministry Foreign Affairs, Rome, “Anarchici,” 20 Oct. 1898, B25, PI, ASDMAE.

105 Consul in Buenos Aires to Ministry of the Interior, Rome, Parrini Ugo Icilio, 5 June 1904, B85, AE, ASDMAE.

106 Italian Consulate in Nice to Ministry of the Interior, Rome, Vasai Pietro, 1 June 1898, B5327, CPC, ACS.

107 Vostro amico, Alexandria, 3 July 1899, B25, PI, ASDMAE.

108 Italian Consulate, Alexandria, Sentenza. 10 Feb. 1899, See also Italian Consulate, Romano, Alexandria to Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Rome, “Anarchici,” 20 Oct. 1898, B25, PI, ASDMAE. One who received such letters was Virgilio Mazzoni, the author of what the indicting authorities called the “horrifying manuscript” found in Parrini's home.

109 Masini, Storia degli anarchici italiani, 1981, 59–65. Marshall calls them “penal islands,” in Demanding the Impossible, 452. Other islands used in this way were Porto Ercole (Tuscany) and San Nicola (Puglia).

110 Prefettura di Firenze, Rapporto da Marsiglia, Vasai Pietro, 29 Oct. 1895, B5327, CPC, ACS.

111 Steven Vertovec, Transnationalism (New York: Routledge, 2009), 5, 7.

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115 Italian Consulate in Tunisia, Tunisi, Vasai Pietro, 22 Oct. 1898, B5327, CPC, ACS.

116 Khedivial Ministry of the Interior, Alexandria, Lettera dell'agente segreto della polizia egiziana ad Alexandria, 20 Dec. 1899. On Malatesta's brother Aniello, a lawyer residing in Port Said, see Romano, Italian Consulate, Alexandria to Ministry Foreign Affairs, Rome, “Procedimento anarchico,” 12 June 1899, B25, PI, ASDMAE.

117 Vostro amico, Alexandria, 3 July 1899, B25, PI, ASDMAE.

118 Italian Consulate, Alexandria, Sentenza, 23 June 1899, B25, PI, ASDMAE.

119 Romano, Alexandria to Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Rome, Anarchici, 26 Oct. 1898, B25, PI, ASDMAE.

120 Enrico Pea, Vita in Egitto, 119.

121 In 1913, Fiaschi would migrate to Libya. He died in Benghazi on 17 June 1920. Cenno biografico, Prefettura di Livorno, Pilade Fiaschi, 28 Dec. 1900, B2053, CPC, ACS. Pea, Vita in Egitto, 120–22. It seems Fiaschi had a “tryst” with the wife of the owner of his favorite bar, called Bar delle Alpi. Report, Italian Consulate, Alexandria, Fiaschi Pilade, 18 Jan. 1902, B84, AE, ASDMAE.

122 Sammarco, Angelo, Gli italiani in Egitto: il contributo italiano nella formazione dell'Egitto moderno (Alessandria D'Egitto: Edizioni del Fascio, 1937), 105 Google Scholar.

123 Italian Consulate, Alexandria, Sentenza, 10 Feb. 1899, B25, PI, ASDMAE.

124 Masini, Storia degli anarchici italiani, 1981, 59–65.

125 Ibid., 67.

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136 Marshall, Demanding the Impossible, 350.

137 Berti, Errico Malatesta, 284.

138 Turcato, “Italian Anarchism,” 429.

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144 Italian Diplomatic Agency, Cairo, 18 Oct. 1898, Roma, to Ministry Interior. See also Ministry Foreign Affairs, Rome, 28 Oct. 1898, to Italian Diplomatic Agency and Ministry Interior, Anarchici Ancona, B25, PI, ASDMAE.

145 Romano, Consolato, Alexandria to Ministry Foreign Affairs, Rome, 12 June 1899, Procedimento anarchico, ASDMAE, PI, B25.

146 Gorman, “Anarchists in Education,” 304. See Beinin, Joel and Lockman, Zachary, Workers on the Nile: Nationalism, Communism, Islam, and the Egyptian Working Class, 1882–1954 (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1987)Google Scholar; Chalcraft, John T., The Striking Cabbies of Cairo and other Stories: Crafts and Guilds in Egypt, 1863–1914 (Albany: State University of New York Press, 2004)Google Scholar.

147 Khuri-Makdisi, Eastern Mediterranean, 149.

148 Marshall, Demanding the Impossible, 32. See also Levy, “Anarchism,” 331.

149 Gorman, “Diverse in Race,” 3, 12.

150 Pea, Vita in Egitto, 190.

151 Ibid., 25–27.

152 Gabaccia, Italy's Many Diasporas, 73; see also 60, 119.

153 Anderson, Benedict R. O'G., Imagined Communities: Reflections on the Origin and Spread of Nationalism (New York: Verso, 2006)Google Scholar; Sluga, Glenda, Internationalism in the Age of Nationalism (Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2013), 3, 9Google Scholar.

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155 Khuri-Makdisi, Eastern Mediterranean, ivi, 8, 177.

156 Struck, Ferris, and Revel, “Introduction,” 576.

157 Gabaccia, Donna R. and Hoerder, Dirk, Connecting Seas and Connected Ocean Rims: Indian, Atlantic, and Pacific Oceans and China Seas Migrations from the 1830s to the 1930s (Leiden: Brill, 2011), 6 Google Scholar. See Moatti, Claude, Pébarthe, Christophe, and Kaiser, Wolfgang, eds., Le monde de l'itinérance en Méditerranée de l'antiquité à l’époque moderne: procédures de contrôle et d'identification. (Paris: Ausonius, 2009)Google Scholar.

158 Gabaccia, Italy's Many Diasporas, 11.

159 Herzog, Cristoph, “Migration and the State: On Ottoman Regulations Concerning Migration since the Age of Mahmud II,” in Freitag, Ulrike et al. ., eds., The City in the Ottoman Empire: Migration and the Making of Urban Modernity (New York: Routledge, 2011), 117–34Google Scholar.

160 Moatti, Pébarthe, and Kaiser, Le monde, 13–25.

161 “L'Affare delle bombe,” L'Imparziale, 26 Oct. 1898: 3.

162 Italian Consulate, Alexandria, 25 Feb. 1899, “Verbale di interrogatorio a Giovanni Pansier,” and “Verbale di interrogatorio di Giuseppe Micallef.” See also Italian Consul, Alexandria to Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Rome, 1 Mar. 1899, “Ad Al Gabbari non hanno posto per i detenuti, sono perciò a Moharram Bey,” all in ASDMAE, PI, B25. Lombroso dedicates part of his book Gli anarchici to anarchist lyrics. Lombroso and Ferracuti, Gli anarchici, 39–41.

163 Italian Consulate, Alexandria, Sentenza, 10 Feb. 1899, B25, PI, ASDMAE.

164 Gorman, “Diverse in Race,” 13–14.

165 Fuhrmann, “I Would Rather Be in the Orient,” 239.

166 Borutta, Manuel and Gekas, Sakis, “A Colonial Sea: The Mediterranean, 1798–1956,” European Review of History 19, 1 (2012): 1–13, 7CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Driessen, Henk, “Mediterranean Port Cities: Cosmopolitanism Reconsidered,” History and Anthropology 16, 1 (2005): 129–41, 138CrossRefGoogle Scholar. See also Bayly, C. A. and Fawaz, Leila Tarazi, “Introduction: The Connected World of Empires,” in Bayly, C. A. and Fawaz, Leila Tarazi, eds., Modernity and Culture: From the Mediterranean to the Indian Ocean (New York: Columbia University Press, 2002), 15 Google Scholar. For other case-studies, see Fahmy, Ziad, “Jurisdictional Borderlands: Extraterritoriality and ‘Legal Chameleons’ in Precolonial Alexandria, 1840–1870,” Comparative Studies in Society and History 55, 2 (2013): 305–29CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Marglin, Jessica M., “The Two Lives of Masʿud Amoyal: Pseudo-Algerians in Morocco, 1830–1912,” International Journal of Middle East Studies 44, 4 (2012): 651–70CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

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169 Clancy-Smith, Julia Ann, Mediterraneans: North Africa and Europe in an Age of Migration, c. 1800–1900 (Berkeley: University of California Press, 2011)Google Scholar.

170 Vertovec, Transnationalism, 16, 21.

171 Khedivial Ministry Interior, Cairo, to Italian Consul, Cairo, 5 June 1904, Grossi Tito, B84, AE, ASDMAE. Khedivial Ministry Interior, Cairo, to Italian Diplomatic Agency, Cairo, 11 July 1904, Guelfi/Guelfo, B84, AE, ASDMAE.

172 Werner and Zimmermann, “Penser l'histoire croisée,” 144.