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A n d re w H d a m m o n Sa la fis m h a s r e s s e d its c a s e in r e c e n t y e a r s a s t h e e x p r e s s io n o p ha s m a d te r m tiv e S u n n i Is la m in b o t h b e lie f a n d p r a c t ic e T h e . ks w he p u b lic d is c o u r s e in E n g lis h s in c e t h e 9 / 1 1 a t ta c , e lt w a s s u c h th a t t h e r e w a s n o c o n v e n t io n o n h o w t o \ 11 th y bu t in d m e it s u r r e d c o n s id e r a b le s c h o la r l in t e r e s t , a t f y p e x a n d in t te r ı iııt h e p y g fie ld o f tr a n s n a t io n a l s a la ń m ı b u t la 2 th e d e s i t o m s i c ı a ti i t o n it ı s o e lf a n d e i d e th o y reprt \ g to r in A r a b ic d is c o u r s e , w h ile o f lo n g e r d u r a t io n t h a n it s e l y in o th e r 岫 \ g e s , r e m a in s r a t h e r v e x e d In t h is c h a p te r ıo c hr o n e n ıs h ı bı ic a n a l s is t h a t a t t e m t s t o b r in g o u t s o n ıe p r o y p e n e t b e Is g a lo gy, its c o n t e s t e d s e t o f m e a n in a n d its r o le in g o f Sa īn u d i fo r ittle s t u d ie d e x a ei n l o lic , lo o lc in at g p y g en a g ge m e n t T h e Ir a n withkey ta r a l ı in ıp °r d e ia n r e v « tt io n ll a n i s 19 7 9 g W s te e c ti n d is c o u r s e o n ıs la m e o r t h j y Modernization ı in to ' ' , . . - . " . _ ' _ e s r e . 14 7 Scanned by CamScanner th e e n tr a f Sa ı o y p l a n d p ° litic a l im M id d le E a s t h a s fo u n d s o c ia jo u r fo r du t r a d itio ith w u n ı s la m ic c iv i b le d iv i n fo n ew l in a ir e c u s r e a tio n liz a t i o n ' ft e r a , c i b le du re ll a v ie s t o tw e n t c o n c y ń - pt e ly (A r a b ) g e n a u t h e n t ic it y of e ar to h ic h w to S a la fis m . d e r s t a n d in g Is la m in t h e ' n a l O r i e n t a lis t s c h o la r s t e x ts e g in a , th e p r o g r e s s iv e ly c o r r u p te ď , a s S h a h a b A h m e d w r it e c a li h a t e in S p } ia a n d Ir a q h a s o n ly a c c e n t u a t e d ' s e m a n t ic v i c t o r i n d e fin i n th e W e s t s c o n s t it u y g Jo s e p h d is p u u n M te s d e r sto p °lic y m e s s e n t ia O th D e Th a e r to in be tw o d a ke r s an - te r m l sa ı ih - ď p h r a s e is e e n d ifte r e n s , d th an d aca - 5 y e t a s s u r e d Id e t r e n d s w i t h in Is la n o t t p lic a t in g are c o m lis t Is la m lin in g e a ssa ' de m ' e c o m lit e ra . th e m lis t pro c e ss e n t a r ia t an d ' , . B u t in le g a lis t ic p , b ly im p a c t e d b y ia is in e v i t a ' S a la fis m t S a ld is m ' s ' S a la fi ' a n d S a la fis m ' d e r iv e fr o m t he (th e p io u s p r e d e c e s s o r s ) d ic a t e phr a se u n de r st e r a t i o n s o f M u s lim s , ° t h e fir s t t h r e e ge n h a v e liv e d in a n e x e m p la r y m a n n e r s in c e t h e h a d f y o f th e P r o p h e t o r liv e d b y th e s t a n d a r d s o f th o s e is o f a d ifte r e n t g e n u s r a t h e r t h a n d e s c r i b in th e ń t o b e d e lo e g p y d a s a r e fe r e n t fo r t h o s e c la i m in a dh o f u r is r g u d j e n t i a l a n d th e o lo i p g c a l p o s it i o n s , u s in g 14 8 Scanned by CamScanner 7 r e v iv a lis t m o d c r n is m o f i h o o i t r a d itio n ; a n d th c ' d M u h m m a n a a d A bd 9 7 3 8 18 ) i a l A fg h . . ( r o u h w T itin g s in a l M a n a r , R a s h id R id a (1 g 190 5 ) M a in ly th ' ıth r e e f A b d u h , a t t e m p t e d a s y n t h e s is o f a ı a dis c ip le o t h a t w o u ld e n a b le I s la m ic c u lt u r e t o m c v a lis m o r ie n t e d r e v i ' b n T a y m iyy a c o n fig u r e d A bdu h an d ı w i th e r o u E , le n ge o f p e d t o t h e S a la f in t h e ir d is c o u lig u r e s a Y e t w h ile a ll a p p e a ı m s e lv e s S a la fis o r d e s c th e th r e e g r o u p s o r ig in a lly c a lle d th e 9 a fi a l a d S ll e c a l o i d e o n f a s n o r e t s e lv e s a s a d h e yy gy ' d e r w e n t c o n s id m s v e r b r o a d n o t io n o f S a la fis m i - - - . . , ' lo gic a l a n M us b le to su fi tr u t h d e fin ' 1o , f tr a n s o r m a n t ic lim B r o t h e r h o o ď w as a a u y d se m e t bu t ĥ fth g e n s a t io n e ra in ıc o n ' he o by th e 1 9 8 o s t h e t e rg a n iz a t io n as a fe n su bse qu rm 19 3 8 H r e n c e in S a la fiy y a de ca en t m ha d b e c o e ssa m e as ge , th e n d to ° litic a l s c ie n t is t s t e d a y p yy , ' th e S m B r o th e r h o o d a n d its e e r s a s ' ı sı a m is t , d is t in c t fr o p th e m e a n t im e a n d in lin e w it h th e Is la m ic p ° lic y o f F a y , cro w n t h e 19 6 0 s h a d m p r in c e a n d k in g , S a u d i A r a b ia fr o d e r n is t s ite fo r s h o r n o f th e m o e la b o r a t io n s o f s a la ĥ s m to h d f c e n tr e d o a a n d th e a n t i q n a n a li n m e n t o fw a h h a b i yy g to e t h e r e n d in g w u sha re d g e r h a s m o r e c o m m it m e n t t o p p p ' ' B ro w n c a ı m o dh h a o f th e ls t h e la t e s u n n i t r a d itio n a lis m ' o rde r i '2 s a la fis m th ir d s ta g s n g o f s o c ia l a n d r e lig io u s life m u n ic 19 9 0 s in t h e iz a t io n a n d th e c o m c o n t e x t o f lo b a ı g ı u tio n w h a t o liv i , th r o u h w h ic h th e s e t r e n d s m e r e in t o g g a de t a n is l e r r it o r n in m a i i a i i ı o o g z d e e d l i t r a a n s n a t io n ' gy ' g T ıT h is id e o l o n d e t h n ic it r e t u i u c d n y , r a c e , la n g u a g e a W ah h a b i a s u c h th a t t o - . , . Scanned by CamScanner d b y M u s lim B r o t h e r h o o d th in k e r S a y th e a p o s t a s y o f p ° s t c o lo n i a l M tıs lim r u le r s T h e t e r m e d a ıs d ı a l ta n z i m \ (o rg a n i z e d / a c t is flu in e n ce - . - p o r ts in K so m ı jım p a t io n to le r s o B a h r a in ru in f th e in Sety M th e m at flu en ce o n S t u d ie j e i er ' s h e r th a n w r it o v o lu c o n s id e r s gg le r e n t c an n a t io n a ' . It can fin d l s tr u v a r io u s . h is t o an d f sha r i in ile u s e a t io n a a ' a fu sa lly s h iftin s e g d is c ip lin e s ( lu s m e d ia p as a 18 s r ic a . m e o it s b e d d e d in lo s tr u te s ta tio n ' u rat l p o litic . p r o c e s s e s o f p o litic a l c o n a s lo n g a s th e y e n su r e th e y p r a c t ic e g n a t io n a 17 f it s \ a r d ia n s , th e ı a m a W a m o d e l fo r u n d e r s t a n d i n g tr a n s n fıe r s in in d E 田中t ) T h e t h ir d , o ft e n ' ' S a la fis m ), is q u i e d s t 1 6 in t h en t o rar e n t a n , (s c h o la s t ic \ - m le v e l o f in v o lv e m e u w a it , ' a - a - c a o n a n ic g g le c fte r s han a m c e s d e l fo o w e a k w l p r a c t ic e s a n d ly s u c c e e d in he o r t m he p r e d ic t in g th h e r e th e p °p r e n . n a t io n a lis t m b e lin k e d c an X o v e m e n w i t h a la r g e r g lo b a h e p o litic s o f id e n t it y in W e s t e r n E u r o e h s t a n d a r d it h a s p , n o t be en su c c e ss M a m o n p a le s t in ia o f w a h h a b i in fl g u e n c e th r o u g h p a le s t in i a n s t u d e n t s in to t ' w he re is re g rd e d th a t he re e x is t s s o m as m o re o e r e is a c o n n e c t io n e t h in g o f a h is t o f a Sa u d i i m o fso m po r ic a r t 22 an e n at u re to t he lba se 2 1 , d Fran po st - Scanned by CamScanner c 19 o f b o th m o d e al Q a l a l D in an ı - g d s r c g a r c lc «lW a n ta g ovef a c e n tu r 叩p p e a te n o t re p . ity t o d ly ( an a tte m t to y do n a tta c a b s tr a c t n o lın o e , a hha o u lin f n hW ha t he t N a b il M d e liv e r e t avo ' s e n o te s he r in n o v a to r b iy y a id e d ' - - h r o u gh e m th c S a u d i s c t ' its e Ye t th e to re lf Ib n A b d a l w - h ile t h is d o w ań Sa ı w av e , es a it is p o n an a la fi yy a a s g S a la ĥ / S e fo r e n w h ile a s s e r t in g b r le a t h e im a m s o f a ll fo u g u s in a t io p e c t fo r th a t th e t e r m r e s . hh ha d b ' d in p p e lla t io n ih a l s d lo f a l s o ı an ahh a o t ahh abi a lF d e s ig n se b iy y a o a g io n a l 1 929 A bd al A zi Is t a n b u l a n d - m u a in H a n a ñs W it h e n t th a t o v e m u s m fo llo w in g th e s c h o o l (m a d h h o b ) in ew i ddid), a ren e w e r tia ll w th a t in re se n t a n p re s a i io ı g a pe e c h r e e c t th e W j y In a - a n o r m °n is d c °r t u n fa r , 2 6 o A lth o u g h b o t h tr e n ' R id a s w o r k o Hė r e d th e S a u «li W 25 . liz in g r e la t io n s M p fo r av e n u e to y it m an e x tr e i a s im - J re q rn i a l - ta r i \ a ıs a lq fw (th e f W ah h a - ' d b y A b d A lla h Ib n Q a s im in M s a n t h o lo g y o w o r d is p °s it a l D u ra r o l S a n i b u t h e r e a g a in t h e 4 3 a 19 , ) yy ( is u se - - co n h e S a la f th e m s e lv e s , n o t T 8 A t th e r se u o s c d i r i e m o v e m e n t s w h o d e lo t h f in p y th e S a la bu ke , W a hh a b R e dis s i n o t e s t h a t d e s ite A b d a l A z iz , p fa c t e m b r a c e d d u r in th is e r io d b m a n y W a h h a b i s c h o la r s y p g 29 a ra e i s d o fh o n o u r t o s a n e m g a p a ft e r it s lo n g M sto r y a s S a la fis m a s a n id e o lo c a l tr a d e m a r k o n ly r e a lly ta k e s o f g d is c o u r s e in 1 9 t o f th e g ° 6 o s s a u d i A r a b ia , in t h e c o n t e x n asc e n ic a n d th e t r o e c t io n o f a n Is la m ic fo r e ig n p ° l y p j 1 Sy r ia n a D in a i A lb a n i ( n t i ta ı id h a d ith s c h o la r N a s ir a l q 196 N A lb a n i i s h e r e in n t r o d u c e d th e t e r m t o th e S a u d i p a d e c t iv e j ho w se re fe r e n t is t . ' ' - ' s r e . - - - - Scanned by CamScanner th e Is la m in ce p tio n in H is b a G U ic n iv e r s it 19 6 2 an y d o a fM d in e l Ja m - a h e r e h e ta u l S a la ĥ yy a a l M a w ' a - a - p , o r S a la fi G r o u p fo r P r o m o t in g V ir V ic e ) e s t a b lis h e d b d is c i le s o f a l A lb a n i in 19 6 y p m e m be r shi p in t h e S a la fi H is b a G r o u p , a fa c t i Ju h a y m a n a l U ta yb i in 19 7 9 le d a fa ile d in s m r e c t al H u i r e c o u n t s h o w S a la fis m w a s t h \ e to u c h m e n t : he w a s m a de f a m i lia r w i t h th e w o r k o fal S a la fi c o m m u n it in K u w a it y , a n d le a r n e d tł ı a t b e in g in g th e in t e lle c t u a ıtr a d itio n o f th e s c h o o ls in c lu ( 32 A sh i th e o lo g y ) A l A lb a n i p o s it io n in s ir e d p p a s s e d th r o u g h S a u d i A r a b ia , 3 1 h e l e d b p y h is c lo s e A b d a l A z iz B in B a z (1 9 10 9 9 ) a n d h is o p o s it p a c t iv is m o f th e M u s li m B r o th e r h o o d d e s i , p te t h fo r c e d o u t o f th e c o u n tr y in 1 9 6 3 a n d o n l a b le t o y o v e r t h e fo ll o w in t w o de cad 3 ◆ g e s S im ila r t o t h e w h ro u - ' . - ' ' a r - . 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S a la fi yy a th e ir a n t i ta - t5 2 u se as an is t o q lid g r o u i d e o lo day O . p as a o dvo gr o u p lde c a de s se v e ra m f 19 6 0 s to m u ta te s ta x o n o m g ic a l t to 8 fe lt th r e a t e n e d b y th e h o o lß h 3 s q It w a s fr o m t h e m i lie u d is c o u r s e o f S a la fis m be an g o u s fa c ti o n s c r o s s in g v a r io u pre ' n o t d 19 7 0 s S a u , e x p a n d in g to ic a l a n d e o ra g g a n in m an e a t in a r ke r i s s t] - g , g iv e T u r k is h h a d it h s c h o la g la - ï na dhh a bj yy a ' ( n o Scanned by CamScanner - s ro u g ho w p so u gh t in io 叩 fr o n s al m A ı ban - Jo r d a n i in 38 , f S a la fiyy a in a m o r e s y s t e m a t ic m a n n e r in M i im m a t H e d e s c r ib e s le a d in g W a h h a b i s c h o la r s a s 8 3 9 1 ) ( 9 a l y an d w a (im a m s o f th e S a la fi N a jd i c a lı o n o t io n ' ' , . idinu en t c er n m - Sa s a J le r ic s ho w a f r e s p e c ta b ilit y, au r a o aJ - (19 8 9 ) h e d iT o ' u 4 o d叩 la b e l S a la fiyy a t th e h ile in w c o n de m lKaw a - as t he ßKu - ' lls g °v e r n m e S a id R a m a d a n a l B ' (a l s a 14 i)? 1a h ií a l Ja ti)w ha t he n s w g ve to c a 4 lim l h u k u m i H 1a ) 1 S }T ia n 20 13 ) p u b lis h e d t w o r e fu t a t io n s o f th e a l A lb a n i p °s it io n , ıIs la m iyya 1\9 6 9 1 a n bo b i a A kh t a r B id Tu h a d d id a l S h a r i - a - - a . - ' ' n Ta - in M a r ha ł o Z a m 壁山a b ĐT m ał 19 th o s e a b a r a ka L a M a o n a o - 89 ' a a a n i u yy in t h e fir s t b e c o ' E g y p tia n th e M a lim M Uharibun a ı ßq h a l - m a ham m a fo tr a d id o n ' h o ń g rt t h e ßq h w u d h h a b Is la S a la fiyy a e s m - d r d h h a b i ıi h js d b t in m i 119 8 8 1 , he se c o n d 4 . l G h a z iJ i (19 7 1 9 6 t h e s a k e o f a n a lle g e a - - salaN ' m a z u m a )a s e 44 h e p r o v o ke d h ild is h \ h a ď (a ıjjtih a d a l s u b a n i) , e n e b e °n d re s o n s e fr o m y e S a la fi W a h h a b i s c i n t h n ı a n p y c a u se he w a s w ith s o m e s u S a u d i r in t m e d ia , b e ° r t fr o m p pp +s h a d a c q u ir e in th e lite r a lis m o f th e ir t h e o lo S a la fis m g gy a ı °n d th e a n t i t q o f id e n t it a r ia n v a ı u e in W a h h a b i c ir c le s b e y Sa l O n t h e w h o le in t h e e r i o d u p to t h e 19 9 0 s w h e n p te x th ir d s t a e r in t h e c o n c t a r a h c a l n io t g e t a k e s o n it s tr a n s n a n , w iz a tio n o u s p °s it io u i b a m a n e d a , W ahha bi g y y a m a in t in i on s in he 叩 am a ' n t e e w t t e b e s re e d o m to ch o o dvting f a lle i th e e x t r e m n c ti e e a n «Je t o o n e r t u b g sc ho o l j g partiar so i ofun o u lin e a l M il b a n ıe d ia t e d a N t s c c e s s t o d iv in e t e x as h d e lir e a n ı e m s e lv e s th s h i l b t a s o n e g th e s a u d i la m a t o ' c - _ - ' ' . - , ı łl a , . ' ' u Scanned by CamScanner l p r o p e r ly u sc « h ile w , d a r e n o t c o n s ld c r c W o rı d Le \ in 19 8 7 th a t o ' fa M l Ju n a by fa n fa m n o w a t ic is m a - al in A lb a n - i m is le a d s a n n a l in 2 0 0 5 Is la m 19 6 0 s th ) ro e c ti o n ' " J r fr o 19 6 4 , si in le ° ' so . d a ) in w as f Is la m ı r ıa Bu ķ t as w it h in T h is d e c is io S a u d i r e im g co n den pd n g d ic a l r e u q acce can o n h o o ls p ' h a t e ń ıl m e t h o ď e a n t n N lim ic s ta t u e lt ' fa y b e g in fm e o po w s , ho w i - sc as re er as m gyp d d e lo m p y e r e w ev e r se s a l a s s e r te E p la y w in g fu l in to ean tha t " a s s e r is t it e o t t w h is is s u e d in in ea e n t o Is la m e t h Is la m te \ tio a m flu e d en c e rea c h lf, fo ll se k e n e d , th e f Is la m R a b a t , th e O qg a n e s t a b lis h e d i ' n 19 7 2 a m ly it n p r o c la im d hh n n ııa g im o lo re a s a to it in s th e fu r t h e f t f»reign p o h q g h is L u a 1 9 6 9 su m (O IC ro a n b ilit ie s g i , n t ie r s o v o c in - as a \ d an T he M . w m ta u , ' " 49 , g p o h c y d id n W o fa n y sc he m p j ers, b y in e d d iv id e s re i n W . dh h a b m a - d Sa u di a n S a u d i fo ı a s 48 n a i lia r v ie w a fi W a h h a b i p p o s e d to t h e S a ı l id a ), b u t c o n d e m n e d th e e x t r e m ' ly M n o t o n F iq h C o u n c i l ic th e ls o pa r t - ' " k to o d n g th a t as Is la m dh h a b ı (s c h o m o o ' I e a sse r ic w o r h r o u gh ı ď th e sı . la r S in ce o n g e sse a iz a t io n pe n o ııa n e n t ly in d ir e c b e s to w e f th e I d u t po ir be n n t ıs 4 Scanned by CamScanner h r n a t io n a lis t a im w ith in te a ro u n n iz a t io n s m o s qu e s a n b dis i u d n M re v o lt in d m i) w js ı d sc re g th a t Is la m , a m ic im m d in g p r e a c h e r s t o M u s lim c o m m 1 9 7 9 , s h o r t l b e fo r e a t e r ia l In y . d r iv e w n o s e n u s n a t io n p ls e to e s t ic an u w f s u p p °r t in g M u s lim y °u t h a n d s t ' r ld , s p r e a d in g ta w h jď (u n ic it y ' to w e ar d s Is la m h e o c c a s io n a t e r ia l la i d o u t p la n d iv i d e t h n o w T h is h o o ls , la tın c h e d m d in is tr a t iv e ho le th e lig io ecca a m w d s o o n t a c r o s s , Is la m ic e v ie w t n a tio c o m he M m n a u s lim o f th e fo s fo l, u n ic c o r a c ity r n ew u r te e n t n J (o ı h Is la m in s t it u t io n s s ia l, lin g u ' h e s io ' u d is t ic a n o t 54 . e x t e r io r a s a n are n a fo w a s r e n e w e d in l g °n is t s le ftis th e S o v i e t b o ls t e r in g o f its M e c c a in s u r r e c t io n id e o A lg h a n is t a n a n d e ls e w h e r e , a n d Ir a n ia n r e v o lu t io n a r y d L fir s t r e s °n s e t h e °v e r n m e n t u s e d th e M u s lim W o r l p g d A M u s lim B r o t h e r h o o d , a n d p a k is t a n i Ja m a a t i Is la m i a n s la m ic U n n e tw o r ks l e d th r o u g h th e I w h ic h h a d in t e r m in ( g a M d in ń g h tin g M e din a ) t o fu n n e l e o ı e a n d c a s h to t h e M u j p p ba c k e d A f h a n r e im e s s O liv i e r R o m a k e s t h e p °in t t h a t y g g n m u lf c r i s is , w h e r a t e a llia n c G 1 0 9 19 e th w b e a s b r o ke n y d i A r a b ia r o u s c o n d e m n e d th e U S t r o o s e n c e in S a u e r g p p p e Sa im e r ia l a e s °n s e t h 56 r r o a m d n o c p T h e se j p \ e s s io n o n e a d o te d r o s e ly tiz a t i a l b o l s t w i a s th e e x p p g p a n s io n o f o n o f ta lcin n e w e d it i a d e r o s n ° o w e r in 19 8 2 K in gp g Fa h d sp o r P b r M a s s d is tr o m p le x f c d h F a n i K ib u d o n t h r o u h th e g g a r pu ' ĺı ol c e a iA zh in s n i k t a y Q u r a n , th e fir s t s u c h ıın d e r g an vers e o tt o m th io n in 19 2 6 fo ll f o n io t u l th e d is s o o w in g P o tm e r e a r n in s la m ic l I f o s w a s s h iftin e r n t fr o m t h e o ld c e g ah Ąr ab ia a la fi W s o t in s i a s n t e r r e t a d o n o f th e t e x t w a s ; g p p bo th d o m d fo re i gn a n ta , - . - . - ' ' Scanned by CamScanner g 19 9 2 s o le ı n s tu in in he av o he in t e n w h ic h Is la m em d y T h e Ib ilu r e ly in th e ex am u c o n te x t o g id s t h c fo ly O llv le r tw e n t lc t h c e n tu - ı r e ı s la m - lm ste r e d by Th e Se a r c h ß, b r a c e s Sa ı a fi a yy tio n ' S a la ti , p r e fe r r in ' n e g t r a «ı itio n o f d is e n a e m · h ift ear lls t h c ca ' t e 】m d s th e w as f th e ha t h e w f Po lıtlc a ııs la m o ' la m u ' a In N e iv U a th e m m a d e s c r ib e to ha s g g o - ' o fu n «l en t fr o S a u d i o r b it . h , p u b lis h e d t h is m o v e m e n k e n p la c e S im ila r l , th e y ' o f R a m o n d H in n e b u s c h s s tu d y y t he in te r n a t io n E a st t a n d a r d w o r k in t h e fi e k l, c o n ta in s a ı m o st d e p lo m e n t o f ı s la m in t e r n a t io n a ll 6 o y h w h ile t h e 2 Is la m ia a t io n o f fo r e i n o l g p ic y itin g s u p p o r t fo r S a n d S T ia in t h e c o n te x t o f c o j itic a l c o n flic t w g po ı F r o m a t h e o r e t ic a ı e p r s p e c t iv e S a u d i A r a b ia e its r e io n a l c o n n ic t s w it h ı g ra n a n d Su n n i itic a po ı tiv is t m o d e l in in t e r n a t io n a l r e la t i o n s t h eo r y a rg c u ltu r e a n d id e n t it y c a n d e lin e a t e , d ir e c t a n d , c h o ic e s o f r e im e s T h i s he l e d g p p r o d u c e th e n o t s h e r e t h a t is c r e a t e d th r p o u h sa t e llit e t e le g v is io la t t e r ı s o c ia l m e d i 6 2 a h ı t c o u id b e a rg u e d th a t d e u s e o f Sa ı a fi n o m e n c la t u r e in t h e do m e s t ic s h m e a n s t o b a la n c e a a in s t s p o m e o f g th e c h a lle n es t g se m a n t ic s , a th a t ta . s , c , . . a t io n a l se c u r it y d ile m l m ' a p re se n te d b Ir a n y s in c Scanned by CamScanner f p u b lic a n s e c u la r is m fr o m p u b lic d is c o u r s e Y e t s in c e t h e 19 8 0 s S a la fi p Sa u d i A r a b ia h a v e b e e n a b le t o fin d a n ic h e t h r o u g th a t h a v e e n d e a v o u r e d t o t r a n s la t e A r a b ic t e x t s fr Tu r ke y d an th su c c e ss o e re . W ith th e e v e lo D im e n t m p c u s s io n b e a n g a lie n T u r k e y in n am an he o v e m ly e e s a n Jm e m r as m n a tio n a r v a le m e i lita c f S a la fis m f re l e n t o ' g im tte m rr a c h a lle n ge t o th e K e m ls la m i s m , K E r ba ka n e m as b le re o t e t tin e s a s T u r k is h Is la m th e p °s it iv is m k is h s ' le ft , N w rg in g e c m . 19 2 3 bse o f th c o n te x t o d Ir a n T h r o u g h s in c e o ' 67 e n ts e m th e s c ie n t ific o t S y r ia in . be c o S a la fis m vre m p lic a t io P a r t y (A K P ) g ° v e r n m e n t to q u e s t io n t h e n a r r a t iv e T u r ke y to h a n g e t h e d is c u r s iv e la n d s c a n o f m k is h c i t iz e n s a n d to c pt a tte m an s c e n e in ic - ha t ha d be e n d ifie d l c u ltu to re . m Th a ke (TŁir h e g u id in g p r in c fo r Is la m a ro o m t ilita r e m S y n th e s is y au t h o r itie s o ig i 5 0 p e r c e n t in t h e b u d g e t o f th e r e ı 50 o m tr a t io n (k n o w n a s D iy a n e t ), e x p a n d in g it fr se r d e s w 19 7 9 t o 8 5 0 0 0 in 1 9 8 9 6 8 p u r s u in , g c lo o f m o r e th a n . T u r k e y in itrs t itu v o lv e d it s e lf in t io n s u n o re m a m d e r s a u d i tu te la g e , e a n in a n m g fu l d D iy a n an n e r e t re c e de v e l o E u r o p e to t s a l i ffi c d i n d o t o s e n \ g 69 rk tie s in T u r k is h im m ig r a n t c o m m u n i t ie s A n e t w o cu ı tu r a l lin k s w a s d i b u s in e s s e s e s t a b lis h e d w ith S a u b a n k in a n ho u se s , n s h in i l b u d s c e ĥ r v i n a n e c ia l s g , p g Lea e fu n . Z in e s , an d r h ilr l, h , Ļ 7o Scanned by CamScanner ( \ r e fe r e n c e s ) h ile t h e y a v o id c o n t e m o r a r p y Ta m a M u s lim B r o t h e r h o o d s u c h a s Y u s u f a l a r a d a w i b Q ( s c h o la r b a s e d in Q a ta r T u r k is h is t h e ir p r im e la n \ tio n b u t A r a b ic i s r o m in e n t in s e c ia l s e c tio n s p p la n \ 뼝e S a la fi t e x t s in t h e ir b o o k s h s a n d h e v a 叩 , y n o lo i n t h e ir T u r lđs h te ×t s gy ' w , u - . , . The w ho m se w o st w o r k e w i in 】 r a , Y o lc u q ll e s t a b lis h e d am - ll b e d is c u sse o n g th e m is d in d e t a i l h e r e A bdu 73 . A Tu p e a k s flu e n t A r a b ic a n d p u b lis h e s in B e fo r e is s u in h is b o o k s in T u r k is h h e u b lis h e d g p A r a b ia u s in ' h i g s fu ll A r a b ic n a m e A b d A lla h ib A th a r i, w o r s o ks m are A b d u ]h a m h she d th e x tr e m e e s tim e s a d d in p u bh sh e d id e l E s e r i u n 74 - G . g a l Ir a q i o d e r th e n a m - A fte r se tt 7 P r a c t ic e s 5 . an d fr o Pr e se n m u ra S u fis m A n (ąş ø ır ı t a s a m arm o f Iz m , a n ir g in T u r k e y in s e in Is t a n b u l t e r in g a c e n tu r d th e r e v a le n p base d - e d ic a t e Ir a q A b d u lla h Y lin b a p u b h s h in h o u g G u r a b a d e s c r ib e s a s t h e a im o fc o u n e in c ce o h a r it y İ h m D 20 0 5 b e t a tio n to a ga n to d r a \ o n a o o l ' o f Y o lc u p T u r k is h a u d ie n c e in T u r k is h 7 6 W . O t to o fte n Sa u m an p e r io d an d th e lo c a t io n o f m an y o f a P p e a r in g in t h e o l g d r im di ı 77 a m a H is b o o k s av - ' ' u . o d b la c k c lo ak id p o litic a l is s m e an d u e s su c Scanned by CamScanner co n d itio fm n o th a t th e s h a in s is tin or w o rs 79 y fi\ h ip o . 0 y th e o t o o t m fa\ her o in f G o d a lo te r m n e ) , e n t a t io n f th e e m a in hat pu p °s t s h a r i o f fa it h , is s in p r o fe s s io m s t u s lim M o st u s lim M th e r a c t io n re s a s d a bb lin g in an , h e fa c e o r an °s ta s f s a in t ha da t praye is a p o g In y if n an n o n fo rsa k in g m an ds o c o m ' t o n e Is la m s d ia r ie s (a p °ly th c o m pr o m is in g th e i s t ic e a a ta t e s s . n o t e n o th R e am f th e s h a r i ' a je o p a r d y in in d ilu b s o lu t e t io n au t f th o h o r it y o t h e r t h a n G o d ), d e y (a d d r e s s in g e n tit ie s f Is la m , o r s u gg e s t in g th a t it is a n in c o m p le t e w o r ks t o a d e c h o ic e s r e a r d in g w h ic h o f h is g so r c e r y e le m e n t s o Y o lc u h a s m ic fr o m S a u d i p u b lis h in A r a b c e to w a r w h a t a d d itio n s t o m a k e a n d w h a t t o o m it N o n c h a la n th e o n e h a n d , a n d a n d d is r e a r d fo r d o c tr in a l q u e s t io n s g ke tu r a łh is t o r ic a l r e a c h o f S u fi p r a c t ic e s , o n th e o t h e r e H is k e y n o t e w o r k s S e ı r im e ta e t fo r S a la fi r o s e l tiz a t io n p y p rg e t v e ıC e m Àłi i (B e ı ie f o f th e p io u s a n c e s t o r s ) a n d E h ıj S iin n im a n (F a ith a c c o r d in g t o t h e S u n n i tr a d id o n ) b o t h p r e v io u s ly in A r a b ic in S a u d i A r a b ia k t o d e fm e S u n n i s m in S a la fi j S a lih e Se ı ce p te r ıııs , a n d t o a T u r k is h a u d ie n u t t h a t c la i m p i io u s A fta ir s in 2 w as u b lis h e d b a u d i M in is t r y o f R e l g S th e p y B l It w a s is s u e d a n e n d o r s e m e n t fr o m t h e m in is t e r a t t h e t im e en t y in 2 0 1 3 , w ith th e a d d itio n o f a s e r ie s o f fo r e w o r d s b y t w fr o m a n tım b e r o f c o u n t r ie s e le v e n o f th e m a r e b a s e d in S a u ; re sse e s a y s it e x p a n d o n e is " h ik ı l l e s i n , fr o m T u r k e y D e ń n g d th a t M u s lim s w th e p r o p h e t h o fo llo w t h e Q 1ır in to T u r k is h an d w h ic h to re . o , n , - a m . 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' ' s a n ex u n th e \ p le o f th e a r d ia n s o im ly M u s ı fr o m fı s la m ear s are t u n h , e m b e lie f an o st c o r r e c t d in . s u n n Su c h M t n o v a t io n ; a u h e Sa l Scanned by CamScanner p r a c t ic e s t h a t p u t t h e ir fa it h a t r is k , s u c h a s v is it in in g m u s ic a n d s in g in g M u s ic is p r o d u c t iv e o f p r a c t ic e s s u c h a s m i x in g o f th e s e x e s a n d b o d il y d e s tr u c t iv e fo r t h e m o r a l fa b r i c o f th e M u s lim c fa t w a s o n t h e t o ic fr o m S a u d i s c h o la r s , in c lu d in p ' tio n o f a l Q a r a d a w i s a \ m e n t t h a t m u s ic w a s f c o n t e x t o f a lc o h o l a n d o t h e r s in s 8 8 h e a ls o r e r ; p 2 0 0 0 is s u e d b th e y p e r m a n e n t fa t w a c o m m i t t e S e n io r U la m a in S a u d i A r a b ia d e c la r i n m u s ic a n - ' ' is s ib le m r o se P le g itim , 89 d m d a d u lt o n H . o v e m g e e n ts th a t ' th h a v e in at a lig h t s ' in Y o lc P a r t ic u o fA ra it s e lf m a n am S u fis m ' g h jn c e ly th e v o ic e a t e , w h ile t h e o u n r e la t e u se S in . . R e o m v e n te a d in e n u t in s t r u m lm e n ta o n e c o n c e s s io n d d in e as u s ic h e b e lie v e r h e a r s s h o t (h is at w d b y S a la fis o 9o gs) M . is t u s ic te s t d g fo n e w re t e x t s in t o o s t c le a r p r a c t ic e s ho v o ic e an j a i r m yy a f in th fo e u ha t is in s ]d n g G su u r se n se s n n iti qu c r d [z i i le a g r T u r k is h ly u n d e r s t o in T u r k is h w e is e a s i S u fi s e z n a to fo u r se ' o . T u r k is h d is c o ly Y o lc u in h is r e fe r e n c e v o he 91 ' . s o d by e c te la r b Ib n T a m y y b ic it de r sto u n fa u lts d h ik , r it u a ls fo r c la p p in g , s h o u lik e e o le w h o d r i n k a lc o h o l' p p ix in , m lo v e a n d d e s ir e a g n d e x ci ' u w w o m w is g , in to g s h r in g e s he rave s o r m w r it e s t o s q u e s hat ' th b u ilt e u ĥ s i po n ' a t a n he m s o , 】 cn o w ł n a s Scanned by CamScanner t lo s o p g , s u fte r t h e s a m e fa t e w ho m a r ) e y i l z ń ( R 94 T h e t e r m B a t m ile a e in e n e n s t h io t v a o n in c i f g g y th e s p e c i ' ' I m a ili S h i a a n d o t h e r s w h o s o t i n n d e a i t in g A r a b ic B a yy , ic h in t in T u r k is h o f w le d e , c a r r ie s t h e s e m a n t e s o t e r ic k n o g r n u a n c e d , is t h a t T e o v e r a ll m e s s a g e , h o w e v e r a c t ic e M p i s o c ie t y o n t h e e d g e o f k w b e c a u s e M u s l n o m in a lly M u s l m r d s o f th e P r o p h e t i n o r a n c e fa il t o liv e b y th e s t a n d a g d is c u s s io n o n t r S o w h ile T u r k e y h a s b e e n o u t s id e t h e b s e r v a t io n t h a t S a la fis m m a y s u c c e e d Sa la fis m M e i e r ' a Sh i e e x tr e m a a c , . . ' s s u n n ' , j e t is t c u r r e n t c a n ' w s o ńn d a n ic he o r t he n a t io n a lis t e n t o v e m m 96 In ń g u e s h c a s r k i T u e h s e e m s t o s e a k s u r p r is in g ly w p to a t t e m p t t Y o lc u s u c h a c u r r e n t fo u n d a p la c e fr o m w h ic h n fr o m A r a b ic t e x t s T r a n s la t io tio n o f a T u r k is h S a la fis m a ti o n n sı Su s a n B a s s n e t t a n d A n d ré L e fe v e r e a r\ e in Tr a ' o n te e r e is a lw a y s a c T h t n c e n o i n Cu ı v e r tu r e n e i s 19 9 0 ( ), w h ic h a t e m w a s a h is t o r y fr o th e tr a n s la t io n t a k e s la c e , a ı y p 97 it is a fo r m o f w a n d in t o w h ic h a t e x t is t r a n s ° s e ď , p °n a n o t h e r in e u in v o lv e s ' th e s h a in °w e r o f o n e c u lt u r p p gp f a u t h o r it y in t h e t r a n s o u r c e la n a e c a n w ie ld a fo r c e o \ g u a e te x ts 9 8 te x ť Y o lc u d o e s t h is in t a ld n g A r a b ic la n g g h ecu m en e w he r e A r a b ia a n d fe e d in in t o t h e T u r k is th e m g ie n c th r o u h a r t ic u la t io n in T u r ld s h t o t h e h is t o r ic a l e x p e r g ie t y H i ar i h m a t e r ia lis s t °s a f o n m a n d its p p r o d u c t io ic e in T u r k e y in t r o d u c e a s h a ' t o I s la m ic p r a c t r i a s e n s itiv it y o m o n o f O tt th a t it im ti i d a t r e ir t ie s a r e je c t io n o f th e e n pı o ı a l th e o ı s la m g w it h its e x t e n s i v e s u ń n e t w o r k s a n d le g a m ic s c h in d e e d h e d is m is s e s t h e m a jo r ity o f r e p u b lic a n Is l e ll t o t . , . , - . ' - a c s o . - , Scanned by CamScanner p u b lic d is c o u r s e t o d a y ) in t h e ir s h a r e d in t e r e lm o w le d e fr o m d iv in e t e x t s 1o o S c r i tm g a lis m p r a t io n a h s t im p e r a t iv e o f th e M g h im p e r ia l H in d u is m 'o l w e r e n a r r a t e d a n d e x p lic a t e d b y E u n o n E u r 叩 e a n a s c o m p a r a b le a n d c o m p r e h e n s ib S a la fiz a t io n o f Is la m i c h ls t o r i o g r a p h y to o k h n o t io n s o f d e c lin e (th e fa ll o f B a h d g a d , th e r is e p r e v a le n c e o f S u fis m , th e in t e lle c t u a l c u lt u r e o f th a n d , a s K h a le d E ı R o u a h e b h a s a r u e d id e a liz e y , g le a d e r o f a c o u n t e r c u it u r a l r e v o lt th a t e v e n t u th e o lo ic a l o r d e r t o t h e Is la m i c g w h o le 10 2 E v e n t R a s h id R id a S a la fis ' s h a r e d th e b r o a d o u t li a lth o u g h A b 山山 d id n o t s e e Ib n W yy a a s th w i s h e d 10 3 A d e fa u lt o s i t io n e s t a b lis h e p d its e lf W e s t e r n s c h o la r s h i p th a t p la c e s la w r a t h e r th a n lo g ic a l r e a s o n in k a ı g ( a m ), o r p lıilo s 叩 诊 o r lo g i d is c i p lin e s t th e he ar t o f w hat i ¢ s d e s c r ib e d a s Is R e c e n t t h in ]cin h g a s m o v e d to r e e c t t h is j n o t io n c a lls tim e le s s S a la fis m d sh o w n th a t s a la fis in v e n t e d tr a d iti o n o f th e e arl y t w e n t ie t h c e n t u r h m a rke r o f se U id e n t it I y w o u ld a r in c o n t e m p o r a r y u n d e r s t a n d in g is p e r h a p s o f e v e e n a n c e th a n th o u g h t In t h is r e s e a r ch o n a tte m th e t o p te d t o r e s c u e t h e t e r m p ic fo r t h e a n t i ta . - - - . ' ' s ' . , a ' ' 10 5 a n - . . - to th e t e r m 16 2 t ha n th e m o dern is t s a n d th e q Tid g ro w a h h a b is Scanned by CamScanner . Sa la ń s n e fic ia r ie s o f S a u d i s t a t e fu n d in g u la r b e gor t h a t t h e y s h o u ld b e in t e r p r e t e d a s a n e m a n a t io are r e t bu t p °in , Is la m ic im a g in ar y is c le a r . Scanned by CamScanner 94 6 H . a sso Co n su m , g D in e s ir e s P R O D U C IN G S A L A F IS M . p 14 . , : . FR O M IN V E N T E D S 丁八T E A G IT P R O P 1 . Fo r p le , ex am H J . o 叩 er an S u s p e c ts T h e B in d in 2 . Tw o t itle s j m a o r R eı i jo u s M ý g T ie are R o o v em en t , N ' , e d B T he G l M Yo rk ew ' W h ita k e Ą . u a r d ia n 26 0 , ije r (e d ) C lu m e o . Sa l , G To b b ia U n iv O liv ie r R o , G lo b a liz e d Is la m T h e Se a rc h o , a y N J C o lu m b ia U n iv e r s it P r e s s 2 004 , y A t ic a l e s s e n t ia lis t t e x t , fr o m yp t h e t h in k t a n H a m iď s fs ı a m jc E x c e tjo n a ı js m H o w t h e S tr u p ıe o ı w g g W b ıld ' ıl d , N e w Y o r k St M a r t in S P r e s s 2 0 16 , Sh a h a b A h m e d W h a t ıs ı , sı a m ? t he ı m p °r t a n c e o f P r in c e t o n U n i v e r si P r e s s , 2 0 16 v 2 19 , p o s e J p h M a s s a d , ıs la m i n L ib e r a ı is m , c h ic a ° : u n iv 2 0 15 E d w a r g d S a iď s n o t io n o f m u c h w e ste r n w ' ' o f th e ' A rabs an d I ' s la m c r e a tin o w e r i g a n o n g °in g P n a b s tr a ct an d . . 3 . - . 4 . 5 . . . . re m " " a in s ' EI R " w o u a , in c o n c r e te m o r y ks v ie w o n yh e b , F r o ' m l re e v an t w a ys o v e r t h . S a la fis m / s a l a fi yya a s a n e o Ib n H a a r j a l H a y Fa m i (d 15 - . su 29 8 n n i s c h o la r s ' , in Y o s se f R a o o p p r t an d sh a Scanned by CamScanner R e t h in k g q m fc kr y ib r a h i , ' a c h , Jo u r n a l ď r ic a l A p p r o o t s i H l tu a hm e d ie e A e A con c p j O th e A m e r i c a n ri - io u s r e v i v a lis m an d A ra b is m D se e av i d C o m m in s , ı sl li ıO n re g Sy r i a , N e w Y L a te O tto m a n h a n g e in C l ia o c S d n a p o litics otm I¢l 1 9 9 0 a n d Itz c h a k W e i s m a n n , Ta s t re ss , P r s it v e i n U d y O x fo r d À ra b js m in L a t e O tt o m a n D a m a s c u s , L e i r j ajya Jladm y Sı lsm 5aı Brill, 20 0 1 v lo p e m a r k e r in th e m a k in g is d e e id e n t it n a s a t c e o n c c y 9 Th p u d S h u k r i a l A lu s i a n d 190 8 1 3 c o r r e s p °n d e n c e b e t w e e n M a h m đ a r e n t a lt e r n a t iv e t o s a ı an a = u s E sa ] f 2 1 T he . , a n . - - - - , - - pp ¢ y w e rs 3 So ı n ftr ı to Ib n T a m i ¢ is u s e d a s a d j y yya a n d h is fo llo m a d b in N ra ll to de s c r ib e lite r a lis t A t h a r i t h e o lo y gy S e e M ' u h a m d A jm i, o ıR o sa il a l M u t a ba d iıa , B e i r u t : a l B a s h a ir , 2 0 0 1 , p p 4 7 Q afim i: . , . . ' ' . - - - . Ų Scanned by CamScanner 0s; bu \ 習 B r o th e r h o an o ビ 지 ー A n ち A b in g d o 19 M . S a la fl s m 2l Lau . 日 月 刊 j In du tr o 23 N . Bo re n t . M o v e m M o C 24 e n t e 25 H am ' a sa n , A D am in su ' n s ' m in , a n a sc u s gro u r in g a u M a u s a n 19 0 8 D a she e e d ia e n t w am a sc u s ce : f S a ıa ls fW a d (e d , . hha ) p ic i o id a w v i s it u s a s Se e C . K Lon d su s ; R , o . s i s a id u n Ta i, ' th e ri im S u fis m P r in te d in M lin o u bo y kh N ' D ie , e r n e a ld C , a ir o : M - in a d an . e x c e s s iv e ıa ıK o v o u sE dbo u ' a m iı a , l 1, p 8 o f tair ly , . n . . - - d . ! an p d . U m m ' s w e re m y , Ja m a l a ıD in a l Q a s i m i H ıt d e s fs ıa m s S ı 1 2 0 1 1 , ( ) s ir r ' n o t a s p - A lm . o F r o n t ie r s h h a b iy y a - M Gı o bo l l R d M a Fra n t a ti o n - d , in , an Saı afsm fu R e . 27 . i A g °v e r n m p an d W Gı o bo l , ' A lu S a u d is o c t r in e s (e d ) j e i e r daw D t p p 1 17 , 1 3 0 1 Se e M u h a m m a d A b d u h a l À , ' A r a b i a , 19 8 0 , v o l 3 5 32 yy , p . ° A e n S a la fis m d i R e d is s i , T h e O tt o lt d ' u i, in M , . ' a Ye m in (e d ) j e i e r d A ı i A drao . 26 da r B o u n . b iv a le n m - 19 3 2 - T he T he . Sa u di P o ı itic a l R e ı i lo g . . ' , 、 d ia . p 29 , o e 2 0 16 , ' c t io n in M , d ic tio o n tr a 17 4 5 N in , to d in g J ih a d i T e x t h a M e llo r a n d e rea f h S a la fis m ' ham Se e . r se dge n n e o h a id i H o u r ' c e . G lo b a l S a lo ł j sm 22 d, R o n pp ° o , . ' d G lo b a l M a n R o u t le n ' e i e r, i - P o lit ic a l ł sł a m 医 a a n dre w H a m m d P o lic y D is c o u Se c . p °litic is m o f o b e d ie n it s d d o c t r in e h is t e a c h e r a l A lb a n in c lu d e s 18 d, in t, c la im o u t a t by l - ųy ra h a t t h is th e s , 16 am pe e ch o u n as y 1 9 2 9 , fr t e d to r e p la c i M a p u b lis h e d . Scanned by CamScanner 31 p m an : n Am , ' 髯tte s ]2 N . ' asir a - M u htd sjba dı - Jp ı, ] H u z a ym , / b\ m B e ir u t J. h q m d rab A N m a n e tw o rk K ' m o u n tu fo r R , e se arc l jQ m - h an ł ' Q o - Q d P u bı ' i t o o k th e S a la ĥ b a n n e r w i t d i W ä a l il b u M t e n d s tu q ]] A lA b a n i t h e r o f th e m o v e m e n t e is c o n s id e r e d th e fa h w he r e e n n a ı o Y , ' ' Be ix c r o a e L s e i a b A r a i , Sa u d in a n i s in flu e n c e - . . al A 34 0 n - . lb d A p °litic is m c r iti u e o f a l A lb a n q R e v o lu tio n 15 Fo r . ' a an - Se e . ' i in s m a d N a s ir a l . Ę h i Ļ 1c c on d e d itio n in , 1 Q a dh i O , an 97o a in ' S a la ń Is la m . se e sı a m g ı i B u ti - n C h r is t o p h e r M e l d T r a d itio n a l H a d ith C r it i n o v a t io n s - - ' a so l D in a l A lb a n i K e n da ll a n d K h a n (e d s ) R e c la i m M u ha m in ' ic Tıa d itio n re c o u n ts a m . e e t in g w Scanned by CamScanner it a l M a d h a h ib a l F iq h i b a y n l a f i h K l B i Sh a F iq h ł o l Is la m i , Y e a l m a o M l a t a ı l j h a b i M o ja w a s t a k e n in it s n ( \ rar) 3 8 3 6 T h e d e c is io pp - ' 49 - ' - a n ' . ' - - a - , - . . 17 5o 21 0 - Ja m p o ic ) 、 : 、 52 ' Ħs c a t o e s 9 87 1 r i, . is la m V a lu ic an e s d N l a t io n a b ia , in A d e e d D a w i s h a (e d ) l y P r e s s , 19 8 3 C a m b r i d g e : C a m b r i d g e U n iv e r s it y ' t r e s I n t e n a l t io N a n d p is c a t o r i , Is la m ic V a lu e s a G r a n t s a n d lo a n s t o O IC m e m b e r s t a t e s t o t a lle d im W o r l 1 9 7 6 , a n d M u sı in a n d $ 1 9 9 b iM o n . 51 ber c to ' f sa u d i A o . ra ' . . . b u i ld in g m o s q u e s , p e tc In t h e p e r io d ı9 7 5 8 1 w a s $ 2 6 m i liio n ; S th e M e c c a b a s e d S u r e m e W o r ld C o u n c i l fo r M p Is la m ic V a lu e s a n d N a t i o n a l In t e r e s t p 47 A fr ic a o n g im tr a in in am s , - . . - ' ' 53 . P is c a t o 54 . M em G e n e ra sin i , a Is la m du o ran 、 。 ri, fr o m l D in w a - - lD a - S a q i, 19 9 0 , p 82 Fo r e x a m p le , th . B r o th e r h o R o y, T h e n 1 . 56 叢 匦 57 H . . o d fi\ ı F Jj u re e s an th e m l S e c r e t a r ia t . 55 V a lu ic o a w a tio n a l ic Is a m rg a n la d N iz i n th g ß a ıM - A e ' l In te r e st d e m y in c e le b r a t io n s ; c a ı a ka a m . . , ' ı A r a b\ ' a - . e re bu p L o as a re a u r e c r u it m R iy a d h in e n t ofpoljtjcaııs ıa m , Lo fo c e n tr e n do w I B n . . am En n a W a as G , hda u lf sto o d c h a p te r s o f th B r o th e r h o e h s a u d i A r a b ia ; e p o litic s o f u w it lid S a le h ' Th , Q R o o d . M o u lin e , T h e C le r i cs o r ıĮ ıa m , r a n ic p 2 13 . , o bo ı iz y, G ı H e r m 걔 58 r . Scanned by CamScanner u 20 14 , p 6 6 2 B a r d a k o g ļ 6S H \ A ym e . d d in K l】k cı , 20 0 2 / /w w (a c c e s s e d p r e si . a r s fo r ho ı sc L a j k D ü z e n d e D in , i Yo ş a m a de n c y h a yr . k, o o lo as t 67 In 20 14 Tu rke y Se e u p f th e N õ k te m s e èsı v e D in i R iR ı j d s t a t e b o d y d e fin e Te m in e . . . s o ' , S e le fiı o c o \ jc t a n d c h a n ae T th e in w e n t ja S ss 11 M , ' a th in lk e r s a , ' E n g a ge m s . , Pa t o n , f B e in g S e c u la r Is la m in C e lia K a l S ta t e h e r , T h e Im p N a tio n a t io n a l a n d p r e T u r kq s p h ilip R o b in s (e d ), a n d - ' k le r k e n e ri B e o r ta n c e Z ū rc . / l/0 z e n 20 15 , p 8 T h e d dzm S e l e , s e Je Pıjı, a n Seı u r s b e a n t o d is c g r in t m e d ia w r it e ' 68 E r ic ' a jş , fp ç a lc ır be r R ū şe n . Mūslūm ' . y hr e e g r o . . i an e t D g S l 1 , Is a n b e r 20 16 ) f R e lig io m A « a ir s , D a n u m . e t t in o r in v o ' 1 , s e le fiyy e d e n K u r k a r a m a n n e t / y a z i / la i k d u o v em A n kara , gy w \ s e c t io n se e 13 N R a po r u o ds an ' h ttp 66 an aram p r im re . . h C e n tu r y , Lo do n w it h en t l dg R o u t e n o r ld q u T u r k e y , T h ir d W r i m e n t in T h e T u r kis h E x p e ' 69 K . ' A hm ro z ad 2 (1 9 8 8 ) , p 70 . 71 . 72 r Fo T \ır k is h r Se e . p e / n e w co m 73 . 0 th M k öz er s ' R a blta lig io u s s e ie ń 1e F e ro z A r A , g o B a lc ı th ?id , H - T e e n ts d, k in u Y a f o U ym th e ' a n 6 0 0 9 7 (a c c ıd e u in ğlu ) kara a la A K p k lk o - e m hm o . _ n o v e m m d e t a il p h p a n ıo n e h Ŋn e t B ir re , s , n e a s s e r t io R ic . c u u m M Is la m 7 6 2 A ls o . U gu , in e v i, d Is m c e s se d E n w e , M a il Y a # a 3 P 19 . , R u #e n se e 19 8 0 s b e y d u lla h A u s e y in A b 19 8 7 ' , T ū r k iy e c to b e r 2 0 Ebu dY 3 0 0 r s an l , u rat Gezmle M S ai ı# lk Scanned by CamScanner s in c e 81 l o f sha r i o v a A b d u lh a m i e Z e de ı q en ve Bo z a 2 0 14 p 7 35 G 80 rem u ra ' . . , l E se r i, E hl j - it in şe y n . e r S iin tr , fo a ' n et w a n s 1 Ce m e f apo o ' a a t - A hm . rm sta s G öie e d İ y ib ild ir e n . IşJ ğJn d a jį la m ' in - . , ' K u r a n , ' S iin v e A b d A lla h b in S a lih - is b a , 2 0 10 , P P 2 9 3 0 , 6 2 Y o \c u . d la w a ' n et al A bd a d a is la m ă H - R iy a d h W iz a r a t in I§ı . am i ın d lA a - m , l Is la m a - yy a , 2 0 0 2 i - a şo r t la r ı ıĺ va ljz ß . th a r i , - ' l Sh u ' b u l in A r a b ic in 19 9 7 M u h a m m e d R a id b H a lid K a r a k ö ş y lū , fo r m e r im a m m o s u e in e a s t e r n T u r ke y q A b d u lla h Y o lc u , S e ı e f j S a ljh jn A kjd e s j E M j S iin n e t v e G u r a b a , 2 0 14 , pp 59 , 6 6 , 6 9 A b d A lla h b in ' A b d a l H a m id a l A t h a r i a l , K h a w a r im u h u N a w a id u h u in d A h l a ıS u n n a w a l q a m a J a l W a ta n 200 3 Is t a n . 82 . . · 83 . - - . 84 . ' . - - - ' , - - - - , 8S . E 1 E s e r i , E ĥ 1 j S iin n e t v g 1 Ce m a a t G ö r e im a n , p 44 A b d u 1ı a h b A b d u lh a m id e l E s e r i ve G , M eş r u q yn m A hm e t i ß b ild i r e n an d y M u s t a fa ö z t iir k Is ta n bu , P P 1 5 3 7 3 , e s p p p I S S 6 H e iv g es n o co m m en r a c t ic e o f t a p yiq , a p p lie d b y M u h a m m a d ' A b 山山 T lis h e d in A r a b ic a s ' A b d A lla h b in ' A b d a l H a m id a l a ıM a s A r u ıM a m n u À n w a À h k a m , Is t a n b u l G A b d u r h b A b d u lh a m i d e l E s e r i , js la m l A ç rd a n M iiz M u s t a fa Ö z k I s ta n bu l , G u r a ba 20 13 , , Ą r a b ic a s A b d A lla h p p 17 b in A b d a l H u n ld a l A th a r i , o l bw a l La hw w a ıW b ı d , Is t a n b u l G u rab a A l A th a r i a ı , 20 0 ı G a ln a , ıM u s i w , p 1 15 A l A th a r i l G h jn a 1 M u sl a q pp 1 18 24 A l A th a r i a ı G A ln a , ıM tıs i a q , p p 24 2 3 A l A th a r i o ı G a l , n a ıM u s l a q , p p 14 1 2 , 1 46 7 ' - . - ' - 86 e . . . - - . . - . . . - ' - w 87 a - ' - ' w . a . - ' ' - . - - ' - - 88 . - ' - - . w 89 91 - - w a - - w a - - . . . . . ' - , 90 a a - - - , ' - . . ' - . - . - w a - - . - - . Scanned by CamScanner ' 99 . T he y am y in g t o th c Q u r tr r a th e r t h a n 26 M 100 . Le o n ' a n h 2 0 15 a r d B in d e r , Is la m a rc iı c ls ı am re c o n c d a n th c an su n n a ıC u h u r e , y ¢ d th c ' in : W e st; t p 24 . he y (in t e r v ie w re A ra b . ic L ib e r a ı ı sm A C r itJq u e o í D ¢r ¢ıo p m m C h ic a g ° : U n iv e r s it y o r C h ic a g ° P r e s s 19 8 8 p 9 6 Se e t o n t h e c r it ic a l th in k e r s M o h a m m K e r s te n (19 2 8 2 0 10 ) a n «l M u h a m m a d A b id a l Ja b ir i (19 3 6 20 10 M u s lim s a n d th e ir R e lig io n in a P K e r s t e n , C r it ic a l is la m , , . . ' c o s m m e n ' - - - ' S in g a p °r e M id d le E a s t P a p e r s I0 , 1 (2 0 14 ) , p 1 19 H b r ld 1 7 8 0 1 10 1 C h r is t o p h e r B a y ly , T h e B ir t h o í th e M o d e r n w e ll, 2 0 0 4 p C o n n e c t io n s a n d C o m p a r is o n s , O x fo r d B la c k S e e a ls o K h a le d E l R o u a ) ı 0 2 E l R o u a y h e b , F r o m Ib n H a ja r Cu e n t u r y S c h o lm ly In te lle c t u a l H is t o r y in t h e S e v e n t e e n t h C C a m b r id g e a m b r id g e C e b h r a M e th , O tto m a n E m ir e a n d g W ld o r ' . , - , . . , ' ' . - . - p 10 3 . R id a ' 10 4 . in s e r t s A bd u h Se e G d La an (e d ) . , ' w R is d Ta s e o f rg e M in L o B ic is la in in o o tn o te s l t - ta w h id ' a m k d is i , L a w , an w ie s b a d e n đm sı c la s s ic a l ı jc o d T r a d itio H n a lis m tz a r r a s so w i c u ltu ıe , , 19 7 1 w ie s b a d e n s r n o t t in M in f Ib n T a y m iyy a p fa u ltin g M m fo 8 5 8 ] , ) ( r a is e he an H In s d Jo a r r a ss o T 1 5 , 19 1 . IO S ł o6 . . El R - o u a s la m yh e b , ı ic İn te or 1e c t ııo ] H is t r , p p ı İ H . - :p e s p . Scanned by CamScanner 38