The Opioid Epidemic: a Crisis Disproportionately Impacting Black Americans and Urban Communities

J Racial Ethn Health Disparities. 2023 Aug;10(4):2039-2053. doi: 10.1007/s40615-022-01384-6. Epub 2022 Sep 6.

Abstract

The heroin epidemic has existed for decades, but a sharp rise in opioid overdose deaths (OODs) jolted the nation in the mid-twenty-teens and continues as a major health crisis to this day. Although the new wave of OODs was initially approached as a rural problem impacting a White/Caucasian demographic, surveillance records suggest severe impacts on African Americans and urban-dwelling individuals, which have been largely underreported. The focus of this report is on specific trends in OOD rates in Black and White residents in states with a significant Black urban population and declared as hotspots for OOD: (Maryland (MD), Illinois (IL), Michigan (MI), and Pennsylvania (PA)), and Washington District of Columbia (DC). We compare OODs by type of opioid, across ethnicities, across city/rural demographics, and to homicide rates using 2013-2020 data acquired from official Chief Medical Examiners' or Departments of Health (DOH) reports. With 2013 or 2014 as baseline, the OOD rate in major cities (Baltimore, Chicago, Detroit, Philadelphia) were elevated two-fold over all other regions of their respective state. In DC, Wards 7 and 8 OODs were consistently greater than other jurisdictions, until 2020 when the rate of change of OODs increased for the entire city. Ethnicity-wise, Black OOD rates exceeded White rates by four- to six-fold, with fentanyl and heroin having a disproportionate impact on Black opioid deaths. This disparity was aggravated by its intersection with the COVID-19 pandemic in 2020. African Americans and America's urban dwellers are vulnerable populations in need of social and political resources to address the ongoing opioid epidemic in under-resourced communities.

Keywords: African American; Black; Caucasian; European American; Fentanyl; Health disparity; Heroin; Homicides; Opiates; Opioid; Opioid overdose; Social Determinants of Health; Social Determinants of Mental Health.

Publication types

  • Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural
  • Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't

MeSH terms

  • Adolescent
  • Analgesics, Opioid / adverse effects
  • Black or African American* / statistics & numerical data
  • COVID-19 / epidemiology
  • COVID-19 / ethnology
  • Health Status Disparities
  • Healthcare Disparities* / ethnology
  • Healthcare Disparities* / statistics & numerical data
  • Healthcare Disparities* / trends
  • Heroin / poisoning
  • Humans
  • Opiate Overdose* / epidemiology
  • Opiate Overdose* / ethnology
  • Opiate Overdose* / mortality
  • Opioid Epidemic* / statistics & numerical data
  • Opioid Epidemic* / trends
  • Pandemics
  • Philadelphia / epidemiology
  • Social Determinants of Health* / ethnology
  • Social Determinants of Health* / statistics & numerical data
  • Social Determinants of Health* / trends
  • United States / epidemiology
  • Urban Population* / statistics & numerical data
  • White / statistics & numerical data

Substances

  • Analgesics, Opioid
  • Heroin