California Proposition 28, Art and Music K-12 Education Funding Initiative (2022)
California Proposition 28 | |
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Election date November 8, 2022 | |
Topic Education | |
Status Approved | |
Type State statute | Origin Citizens |
California Proposition 28, the Art and Music K-12 Education Funding Initiative, was on the ballot in California as an initiated state statute on November 8, 2022.[1] The ballot measure was approved.
A "yes" vote supported this ballot initiative to:
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A "no" vote opposed requiring an annual source of funding for K-12 public schools for arts and music education equal to, at minimum, 1% of the total state and local revenues that local education agencies receive under Proposition 98. |
Election results
California Proposition 28 |
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Result | Votes | Percentage | ||
6,924,613 | 64.40% | |||
No | 3,827,967 | 35.60% |
Overview
What did Proposition 28 do?
- See also: Measure design
Proposition 28 required a minimum source of annual funding for K-12 public schools, including charter schools, to fund arts education programs. The annual minimum amount established by the law was equal to, at minimum, 1% of the total state and local revenues that local education agencies received under Proposition 98 (1988) during the prior fiscal year. The minimum under the proposed law was in addition to the funding required by Proposition 98. According to the Legislative Analyst's Office, the ballot initiative would result in increased spending of $800 million to $1 billion each fiscal year.[2]
How did Proposition 98 relate to school funding?
In 1988, Californians approved Proposition 98 by a margin of 50.7% to 49.3%. Proposition 98 amended the state constitution to require a minimum percentage of the state budget to be spent on K-14 education (kindergarten through two-year community college), which is referred to as the minimum guarantee. Proposition 98 established two formulas or tests to determine the minimum guarantee, which is the highest funding level produced by Test 1 or Test 2. Test 1 links the minimum guarantee to about 40% of the state General Fund, which is equal to California's 1986-87 funding level of public education. Test 2 calculates the minimum guarantee by adjusting the prior year's minimum guarantee by student attendance and changes in the cost of living.[3]
Who supported and opposed Proposition 28?
- See also: Support and Opposition
Yes on 28 - Californians for Arts and Music in Schools led the Vote Arts and Minds campaign in support of the initiative. The campaign received endorsements from former Superintendent of Los Angeles Unified School District Austin Beutner, former U.S. Secretary of Education Arne Duncan (D), the California Teachers Association, and several celebrities and musicians. Beutner and Duncan said in a joint statement, "Only 1 in 5 public schools in California has a dedicated teacher for traditional arts programs like music, dance, theater and art, or newer forms of creative expression like computer graphics, animation, coding, costume design and filmmaking. ... This initiative is timely as our country seeks to create a more just and equitable future for all children. A boost in arts and music education will help ensure the future workforce in media and technology properly reflect the diversity of the children in our public schools." The campaign reported receiving over $10.6 million in contributions according to its latest campaign finance filings.[4]
Ballotpedia has not identified any committees registered in opposition to the initiative.
Measure design
- See also: Text of measure
Click on the arrows (▼) below for summaries of the different provisions of Proposition 28.
Funding minimum: Annual minimum appropriation for arts education
The measure was designed to let the state legislature reduce the annual appropriation required by the law if the legislature suspends Proposition 98 through emergency law. The annual appropriation was reduced by the same percentage that the Proposition 98 funding guarantee is reduced by.[1][2]
Proposition 98 was approved by voters in 1988 by a margin of 50.7% to 49.3%. Proposition 98 amended the California Constitution to guarantee an annual increase in education spending and to mandate a minimum level of education spending based on three formulas. The formulas take into account state General Fund revenue, per capita personal income, and K-12 student attendance. The state legislature can suspend the education spending guarantee with a two-thirds (66.67%) vote of each chamber. The spending guarantee is funded through the General Fund and local property taxes.[5]
Fund distribution requirements: Formulas to calculate fund distribution to local education agencies
Administration of funds: Regulation of annual minimum appropriation
Every year, local education agencies was required to:
- certify that the funds were used for arts education programming;
- certify that 80% of the funds were used to employ arts education instructors at local education agencies with enrollment greater than 500 students and 20% of the funds were used for training and materials;
- certify that no more than 1% of the funds received by the local education agencies were used for the administration of the law;
- submit an annual report approved by the agencies' boards detailing the arts education program; and
- conduct annual audits of the funds.
Text of measure
Ballot title
The ballot title was as follows:[6]
“ |
Provides Additional Funding for Arts and Music Education in Public Schools. Initiative Statute.[7] |
” |
Petition summary
The summary provided for inclusion on signature petition sheets was as follows:[6]
“ |
Provides additional funding for arts and music education in all K-12 public schools (including charter schools) by annually allocating from state General Fund an amount equaling 1% of required state and local funding for public schools. Allocates greater proportion of the funds to schools serving more economically disadvantaged students. Schools with 500 or more students must spend at least 80% of funding to employ teachers and remainder on training, supplies, and education partnerships. Requires audits and limits administrative costs to 1% of funding.[7] |
” |
Fiscal impact
The fiscal impact statement was as follows:[6]
“ |
Increased spending likely in the range of $800 million to $1 billion annually, beginning in 2023-24, for arts education in schools.[7] |
” |
Full text
The full text of the ballot initiative is below:[1]
Readability score
- See also: Ballot measure readability scores, 2022
Using the Flesch-Kincaid Grade Level (FKGL) and Flesch Reading Ease (FRE) formulas, Ballotpedia scored the readability of the ballot title and summary for this measure. Readability scores are designed to indicate the reading difficulty of text. The Flesch-Kincaid formulas account for the number of words, syllables, and sentences in a text; they do not account for the difficulty of the ideas in the text. The attorney general wrote the ballot language for this measure.
The FKGL for the ballot title is grade level 12, and the FRE is 25. The word count for the ballot title is 13.
The FKGL for the ballot summary is grade level 14, and the FRE is 34. The word count for the ballot summary is 79.
Support
Californians for Arts and Music Education in Public Schools led the Vote Arts and Minds campaign in support of Proposition 28.[4]
Supporters
Californians for Arts and Music Education in Public Schools provided a list of endorsements on the campaign’s website, which is available here.
Former Officials
- Superintendent of Los Angeles Unified School District Austin Beutner
- U.S. Secretary of Education Arne Duncan (D)
Political Parties
- Democratic Party of California
- Peace and Freedom Party of California
Corporations
Unions
Organizations
- California Dance Education Association
- California Educational Theater Association
- Los Angeles Unified School District
Individuals
- Steven Ballmer - Frmr. CEO of Microsoft
- Armalyn De La O - President, California Music Educators Association
- Antonia Hernández - President and CEO, California Community Foundation
- Michael Lawson - President and CEO, Los Angeles Urban League
- Andy Mooney - CEO, Fender Musical Instruments Corp
- Ravi Rajan - President, California Institute of the Arts
Arguments
Official arguments
The following is the argument in support of Proposition 28 found in the Official Voter Information Guide:[8]
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Opposition
If you are aware of any opponents or opposing arguments, please send an email with a link to editor@ballotpedia.org.
Opponents
Organizations
Arguments
Official arguments
No arguments in opposition to Proposition 28 were submitted for publication in the Official Voter Information Guide.[9]
Campaign finance
One PAC, Yes on 28 - Californians for Arts and Music in Schools, was registered to support the ballot initiative. The committee reported over $10.6 million in contributions.[10]
Ballotpedia had not identified committees registered to oppose the ballot initiative.[10]
Cash Contributions | In-Kind Contributions | Total Contributions | Cash Expenditures | Total Expenditures | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Support | $9,559,585.01 | $995,148.90 | $10,554,733.91 | $9,810,578.60 | $10,805,727.50 |
Oppose | $0.00 | $0.00 | $0.00 | $0.00 | $0.00 |
Support
The following table includes contribution and expenditure totals for the committee in support of the ballot initiative.[10]
Committees in support of Proposition 28 | |||||
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Committee | Cash Contributions | In-Kind Contributions | Total Contributions | Cash Expenditures | Total Expenditures |
Yes on 28 - Californians for Arts and Music in Schools | $9,559,585.01 | $995,148.90 | $10,554,733.91 | $9,810,578.60 | $10,805,727.50 |
Total | $9,559,585.01 | $995,148.90 | $10,554,733.91 | $9,810,578.60 | $10,805,727.50 |
Donors
The following were the top donors to the support committee.[10]
Donor | Cash Contributions | In-Kind Contributions | Total Contributions |
---|---|---|---|
Austin Beutner | $4,266,000.00 | $0.00 | $4,266,000.00 |
California Teachers Association | $2,000,000.00 | $0.00 | $2,000,000.00 |
Steven A. Ballmer | $1,500,000.00 | $0.00 | $1,500,000.00 |
Fender Musical Instruments Corp | $1,050,000.00 | $159,714.54 | $1,209,714.54 |
Monica Rosenthal | $1,000,000.00 | $0.00 | $1,000,000.00 |
Methodology
To read Ballotpedia's methodology for covering ballot measure campaign finance information, click here.
Media editorials
- See also: 2022 ballot measure media endorsements
Ballotpedia identified the following media editorial boards as taking positions on the initiative.
Ballotpedia lists the positions of media editorial boards that support or oppose ballot measures. This does not include opinion pieces from individuals or groups that do not represent the official position of a newspaper or media outlet. Ballotpedia includes editorials from newspapers and outlets based on circulation and readership, political coverage within a state, and length of publication. You can share media editorial board endorsements with us at editor@ballotpedia.org.
Support
Opposition
Background
California K-12 public schools
California K-12 public schools are administered by local education agencies—school districts, charter schools, and county offices of education. For the 2020-2021 school year, K-12 public schools enrolled over 6 million students, of which 60% (3.6 million) were eligible to receive a free or reduced-price school meal under a federal nutrition program.[2]
At the time of the election, the state did not require local education agencies to provide education in the arts or music in elementary and middle schools. However, the state did fund before/after school and summer programs—the After School Education and Safety program ($646 million annually) and the Expanded Learning Opportunities Program ($1.8 billion)—that included a required enrichment component that may contain either arts or music.[2]
The state also set minimum course completion requirements for high schools that include one year of visual or performing arts, a foreign language, or career technical education.[2]
State education minimum funding guarantee
In 1988, Californians approved Proposition 98 by a margin of 50.7% to 49.3%. Proposition 98 amended the state constitution to require a minimum percentage of the state budget to be spent on K-14 education, which is referred to as the minimum guarantee. Proposition 98 established two formulas or tests to determine the minimum guarantee, which is the highest funding level produced by Test 1 or Test 2. Test 1 links the minimum guarantee to about 40% of the state General Fund, which is equal to California's 1986-87 funding level of public education. Test 2 calculates the minimum guarantee by adjusting the prior year's minimum guarantee by student attendance and changes in the cost of living.[3]
In 1990, the state legislature referred Proposition 111 to the ballot where it was approved with 52% of the vote. Proposition 111 added a third formula, Test 3, which considers student attendance, the cost of living, and changes in the General Fund revenue.[3]
The minimum guarantee for 2021-2022 was $93.7 billion, which was determined using Test 1. The minimum guarantee for 2020-2021, which was $70.9 billion, was the largest year-over-year percentage increase (31.8%) since Proposition 98 was adopted.[11]
Ballotpedia tracked the following 16 California ballot measures related to education funding since the passage of Proposition 98 in 1988. Four measures were approved, and 12 measures were defeated. The approved measures related to changing the minimum funding guarantee, dedicating lottery revenue to instructional materials, reducing the vote requirements for local school bonds, and funding for before and after school programs.
Year | Measure | Purpose | Outcome |
---|---|---|---|
1990 | Proposition 111 | Changes the minimum education funding guarantee | |
1993 | Proposition 170 | Vote requirements for local school bond measures | |
1993 | Proposition 174 | School voucher program | |
1998 | Proposition 8 | Funds for class-size reductions | |
1998 | Proposition 223 | School budgets based on performance requirements | |
2000 | Proposition 20 | Lottery fund increases dedicated to school instructional materials | |
2000 | Proposition 26 | Vote requirements for local school bonds | |
2000 | Proposition 38 | Creates a school voucher program | |
2000 | Proposition 39 | Vote requirements for local school bonds | |
2002 | Proposition 49 | Funding for before and after school programs | |
2005 | Proposition 76 | Changes the minimum education funding guarantee | |
2006 | Proposition 82 | Free voluntary half-day public pre-school | |
2006 | Proposition 88 | Statewide parcel tax for education funding | |
2008 | Proposition 92 | Funding and governance changes for community colleges | |
2009 | Proposition 1B | Requires supplemental appropriations for K-12 schools and community colleges | |
2012 | Proposition 38 | Income tax increase for education funding |
Bonds for California public schools
In addition to the above ballot measures related to education funding, California voters decided on 19 bond measures totaling over $57 billion. Voters approved 14 of the bond measures totaling over $54 billion and defeated five bond measures.
Path to the ballot
Process in California
In California, the number of signatures required for an initiated state statute is equal to 5 percent of the votes cast in the preceding gubernatorial election. Petitions are allowed to circulate for 180 days from the date the attorney general prepares the petition language. Signatures need to be certified at least 131 days before the general election. As the verification process can take multiple months, the secretary of state provides suggested deadlines for ballot initiatives.
The requirements to get initiated state statutes certified for the 2022 ballot:
- Signatures: 623,212 valid signatures were required.
- Deadline: The deadline for signature verification was 131 days before the general election, which was around June 30, 2022. However, the process of verifying signatures can take multiple months and proponents are recommended to file signatures at least two months before the verification deadline.
Signatures are first filed with local election officials, who determine the total number of signatures submitted. If the total number is equal to at least 100 percent of the required signatures, then local election officials perform a random check of signatures submitted in their counties. If the random sample estimates that more than 110 percent of the required number of signatures are valid, the initiative is eligible for the ballot. If the random sample estimates that between 95 and 110 percent of the required number of signatures are valid, a full check of signatures is done to determine the total number of valid signatures. If less than 95 percent are estimated to be valid, the initiative does not make the ballot.
Initiative #21-0036
Thomas W. Hiltachk filed the ballot initiative on November 1, 2021.[12] The Attorney General of California issued ballot language for the initiative on January 5, 2022, allowing a signature drive to begin. Signatures were due on July 5, 2022. Proponents reported collecting 25% of the required signatures on February 3, 2022.[13]
On April 26, 2022, the campaign announced that it had submitted 1,030,221 signatures for verification.[14]
On June 8, 2022, the secretary of state announced that 711,872 signatures were valid, meaning the number of signatures exceeded the requirement of 623,212.[15]
Sponsors of the measure hired 2022 Campaigns Inc. to collect signatures for the petition to qualify this measure for the ballot. A total of $6,480,367.30 was spent to collect the 623,212 valid signatures required to put this measure before voters, resulting in a total cost per required signature (CPRS) of $10.40.
How to cast a vote
- See also: Voting in California
Click "Show" to learn more about current voter registration rules, identification requirements, and poll times in California.
How to cast a vote in California | |||||
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Poll timesAll polls in California are open from 7:00 a.m. to 8:00 p.m. Pacific Time. An individual who is in line at the time polls close must be allowed to vote.[16] Registration
To vote in California, an individual must be a U.S. citizen and California resident. A voter must be at least 18 years of age on Election Day. Pre-registration is available at 16 years of age. Pre-registration automatically registers voters when they turn 18.[17] On October 10, 2015, California Governor Jerry Brown (D) signed into law Assembly Bill No. 1461, also known as the New Motor Voter Act. The legislation, which took effect in 2016, authorized automatic voter registration in California for any individuals who visit the Department of Motor Vehicles to acquire or renew a driver's license.[18][19] Automatic registrationCalifornia automatically registers eligible individuals to vote when they complete a driver's license, identification (ID) card, or change of address transaction through the Department of Motor Vehicles. Online registration
California has implemented an online voter registration system. Residents can register to vote by visiting this website. Same-day registrationCalifornia allows same-day voter registration. Californians must be registered to vote at least 15 days before Election Day. If the registration deadline has passed for an upcoming election, voters may visit a location designated by their county elections official during the 14 days prior to, and including Election Day to conditionally register to vote and vote a provisional ballot. The state refers to this process as Same Day Voter Registration.[20] Residency requirementsTo register to vote in California, you must be a resident of the state. State law does not specify a length of time for which you must have been a resident to be eligible. Verification of citizenshipCalifornia's constitution requires that voters be U.S. citizens. When registering to vote, proof of citizenship is not required. Individuals who become U.S. citizens less than 15 days before an election must bring proof of citizenship to their county elections office to register to vote in that election.[20] Verifying your registrationThe site Voter Status, run by the California Secretary of State's office, allows residents to check their voter registration status online. Voter ID requirementsCalifornia does not require voters to present photo identification. However, some voters may be asked to show a form of identification when voting if they are voting for the first time after registering to vote by mail and did not provide a driver license number, California identification number, or the last four digits of their social security number.[21][22] The following list of accepted ID was current as of March 2023. Click here for the California Secretary of State page to ensure you have the most current information.
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See also
External links
Support |
OppositionSubmit links to editor@ballotpedia.org. |
Footnotes
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 California Attorney General, "Initiative 21-0036," November 1, 2021
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 2.6 2.7 Legislative Analyst's Office, "Initiative #21-0036," accessed April 14, 2022
- ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 California's Legislative Analyst's Office, "A Historical Review of Proposition 98," January 18, 2017
- ↑ 4.0 4.1 Vote Arts and Minds, "Home," accessed March 3, 2022
- ↑ Legislative Analyst's Office, "The 2021-22 California Spending Plan: Proposition 98 and K-12 Education," October 25, 2021
- ↑ 6.0 6.1 6.2 California Secretary of State, "Initiatives and Referenda Cleared for Circulation," accessed January 6, 2022
- ↑ 7.0 7.1 7.2 7.3 Note: This text is quoted verbatim from the original source. Any inconsistencies are attributable to the original source.
- ↑ California Secretary of State, "Official Voter Information Guide," accessed October 23, 2022
- ↑ California Secretary of State, "Official Voter Information Guide," accessed October 23, 2022
- ↑ 10.0 10.1 10.2 10.3 Cal-Access, "Campaign Finance," accessed March 11, 2020
- ↑ California's Legislative Analyst's Office, "Proposition 98 and K-12 Education," October 25, 2021
- ↑ California Secretary of State, "Initiatives," accessed November 1, 2021
- ↑ California Secretary of State, "Initiative 21-0036 25% Signatures Reached," accessed February 3, 2022
- ↑ Variety.com, "California Art and Music Education Ballot Initiative Campaign Submits a Million Signatures," April 26, 2022
- ↑ California Secretary of State, "Final Random Count," accessed June 9, 2022
- ↑ California Secretary of State, "Section 3: Polling Place Hours," accessed April 4, 2023
- ↑ California Secretary of State, "Voter Registration," accessed April 4, 2023
- ↑ The Los Angeles Times, "Gov. Brown approves automatic voter registration for Californians," October 10, 2015
- ↑ The Sacramento Bee, "California voter law could register millions–for a start," October 20, 2015
- ↑ 20.0 20.1 California Secretary of State, "Registering to Vote," accessed April 4, 2023
- ↑ California Secretary of State, "What to Bring to Your Polling Place," accessed April 4, 2023
- ↑ BARCLAYS OFFICIAL CALIFORNIA CODE OF REGULATIONS, "Section 20107," accessed April 4, 2023
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