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Advanced Hydroinformatic Techniques for the Simulation and Analysis of Water...
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Advanced Hydroinformatic Techniques for the Simulation and Analysis of Water Supply and Distribution Systems

A special issue of Water (ISSN 2073-4441). This special issue belongs to the section "Urban Water Management".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (30 September 2017) | Viewed by 121123

Printed Edition Available!
A printed edition of this Special Issue is available here.

Special Issue Editors

Dr. Manuel Herrera

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
EDEn - Department of Architecture and Civil Engineering, University of Bath, Claverton Down BA2 7AY Bath, UK
Interests: KDD; graph databases; environmental data mining; weather; hydroinformatics
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals
Dr. Silvia Meniconi

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Water Engineering Laboratory, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Perugia, I-06125 Perugia, Italy
Interests: pipeline systems; advanced anomaly detection in pipe systems; transient dynamics analysis
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals
Dr. Stefano Alvisi

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Dipartimento di Ingegneria, Università degli Studi di Ferrara, via Saragat 1, 44121 Ferrara, Italy
Interests: water demand modelling and forecasting; water consumption smart metering and end-uses characterization; optimal management of water distribution systems; leakage detection; transient analysis of water distribution systems
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals
Prof. Dr. Joaquín Izquierdo

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Institute for Multidisciplinary Mathematics, Department of Applied Mathematics, Universitat Politècnica de València, Camí de Vera, s/n, 46022 València, Spain
Interests: mathematical modeling; knowledge-based systems; DSSs in engineering (mainly urban hydraulics)
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues

The overall objective of this Special Issue is to improve knowledge on developing and using advanced simulation tools in water supply and distribution systems. The final aim is to propose a suitable framework supporting insightful hydraulic mechanisms to help the decision-making processes of water utility managers and practitioners. Contributions to this Special Issue, exploring new research avenues on urban hydraulics and hydroinformatics, will be of great value for both Academia and those water utility stakeholders. On top of this, important social benefits are expected from a number of research objectives that ultimately aim to guarantee a regular supply of clean water at the pressure and quality required at the network consumption points. These objectives include a wide spectrum of subjects, such as demand monitoring and forecasting; network sectorisation; innovative tools for water resources management; leakage detection; system maintenance; transient control; and consumer satisfaction assessment, among others.

Dr. Manuel Herrera
Assoc. Prof. Silvia Meniconi
Assoc. Prof. Stefano Alvisi
Prof. Joaquín Izquierdo
Guest Editors

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Water is an international peer-reviewed open access semimonthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2600 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • graph-theoretical methods and complex and social network applications to support water supply system analyses

  • multi-agent systems, petri-networks, and evolutionary models for water system optimal management

  • water infrastructure resilience and its critical interdependencies, such as cyber-resilience and cyber-attacks detection

  • district metered area division and household water demand for several water efficiency scenarios

  • big data for water resources management in a climate change scenario

  • innovative techniques for pipe system planning and management

Published Papers (19 papers)

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Editorial

Jump to: Research, Review

7 pages, 225 KiB  
Editorial
Advanced Hydroinformatic Techniques for the Simulation and Analysis of Water Supply and Distribution Systems
by Manuel Herrera, Silvia Meniconi, Stefano Alvisi and Joaquín Izquierdo
Water 2018, 10(4), 440; https://doi.org/10.3390/w10040440 - 08 Apr 2018
Cited by 6 | Viewed by 3921
Abstract
This document is intended to be a presentation of the Special Issue “Advanced Hydroinformatic Techniques for the Simulation and Analysis of Water Supply and Distribution Systems”. The final aim of this Special Issue is to propose a suitable framework supporting insightful hydraulic mechanisms [...] Read more.
This document is intended to be a presentation of the Special Issue “Advanced Hydroinformatic Techniques for the Simulation and Analysis of Water Supply and Distribution Systems”. The final aim of this Special Issue is to propose a suitable framework supporting insightful hydraulic mechanisms to aid the decision-making processes of water utility managers and practitioners. Its 18 peer-reviewed articles present as varied topics as: water distribution system design, optimization of network performance assessment, monitoring and diagnosis of pressure pipe systems, optimal water quality management, and modelling and forecasting water demand. Overall, these articles explore new research avenues on urban hydraulics and hydroinformatics, showing to be of great value for both Academia and those water utility stakeholders. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Hydroinformatic Techniques for the Simulation and Analysis of Water Supply and Distribution Systems)

Research

Jump to: Editorial, Review

17 pages, 3092 KiB  
Article
On the Role of Minor Branches, Energy Dissipation, and Small Defects in the Transient Response of Transmission Mains
by Silvia Meniconi, Bruno Brunone and Matteo Frisinghelli
Water 2018, 10(2), 187; https://doi.org/10.3390/w10020187 - 11 Feb 2018
Cited by 41 | Viewed by 3400
Abstract
In the last decades several reliable technologies have been proposed for fault detection in water distribution networks (DNs), whereas there are some limitations for transmission mains (TMs). For TM inspection, the most common fault detection technologies are of inline types—with sensors inserted into [...] Read more.
In the last decades several reliable technologies have been proposed for fault detection in water distribution networks (DNs), whereas there are some limitations for transmission mains (TMs). For TM inspection, the most common fault detection technologies are of inline types—with sensors inserted into the pipelines—and then more expensive with respect to those used in DNs. An alternative to in-line sensors is given by transient test-based techniques (TTBTs), where pressure waves are injected in pipes “to explore” them. On the basis of the results of some tests, this paper analyses the relevance of the system configuration, energy dissipation phenomena, and pipe material characteristics in the transient behavior of a real TM. With this aim, a numerical model has been progressively refined not only in terms of the governing equations but also by including a more and more realistic representation of the system layout and taking into account the actual functioning conditions. As a result, the unexpected role of the minor branches—i.e., pipes with a length smaller than the 1% of the length of the main pipe—is pointed out and a preliminary criterion for the system skeletonization is offered. Moreover, the importance of both unsteady friction and viscoelasticity is evaluated as well as the remarkable effects of small defects is highlighted. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Hydroinformatic Techniques for the Simulation and Analysis of Water Supply and Distribution Systems)
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21 pages, 2890 KiB  
Article
Water End Use Disaggregation Based on Soft Computing Techniques
by L. Pastor-Jabaloyes, F. J. Arregui and R. Cobacho
Water 2018, 10(1), 46; https://doi.org/10.3390/w10010046 - 09 Jan 2018
Cited by 35 | Viewed by 7365
Abstract
Disaggregating residential water end use events through the available commercial tools needs a great investment in time to manually process smart metering data. Therefore, it is extremely difficult to achieve a homogenous and sufficiently large corpus of classified single-use events capable of accurately [...] Read more.
Disaggregating residential water end use events through the available commercial tools needs a great investment in time to manually process smart metering data. Therefore, it is extremely difficult to achieve a homogenous and sufficiently large corpus of classified single-use events capable of accurately describe residential water consumption. The main goal of the present paper is to develop an automatic tool that facilitates the disaggregation of the individual water consumptions events from the raw flow trace. The proposed disaggregation methodology is conducted through two actions that are iteratively performed: first, the use of an advanced two-step filter, whose calibration is automatically conducted by the Elitist Non-Dominated Sorting Genetic Algorithm NSGA-II; and second, a cropping algorithm based on the filtered water consumption flow traces. As a secondary goal, yet complementary to the main one, a semiautomatic massive classification process has been developed, so that the resulting single-use events can be easily categorized in the different water end uses in a household. This methodology was tested using water consumption data from two different case studies. The characteristics of the households taken as reference and their occupants were unequivocally dissimilar from each other. In addition, the monitoring equipment used to obtain the consumption flow traces had completely different technical specifications. The results obtained from the processing of the two studies show that the automatic disaggregation is both robust and accurate, and produces significant time saving compared to the standard manual analysis. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Hydroinformatic Techniques for the Simulation and Analysis of Water Supply and Distribution Systems)
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16 pages, 2461 KiB  
Article
Applications of Graph Spectral Techniques to Water Distribution Network Management
by Armando Di Nardo, Carlo Giudicianni, Roberto Greco, Manuel Herrera and Giovanni F. Santonastaso
Water 2018, 10(1), 45; https://doi.org/10.3390/w10010045 - 09 Jan 2018
Cited by 54 | Viewed by 9857
Abstract
Cities depend on multiple heterogeneous, interconnected infrastructures to provide safe water to consumers. Given this complexity, efficient numerical techniques are needed to support optimal control and management of a water distribution network (WDN). This paper introduces a holistic analysis framework to support water [...] Read more.
Cities depend on multiple heterogeneous, interconnected infrastructures to provide safe water to consumers. Given this complexity, efficient numerical techniques are needed to support optimal control and management of a water distribution network (WDN). This paper introduces a holistic analysis framework to support water utilities on the decision making process for an efficient supply management. The proposal is based on graph spectral techniques that take advantage of eigenvalues and eigenvectors properties of matrices that are associated with graphs. Instances of these matrices are the adjacency matrix and the Laplacian, among others. The interest for this application is to work on a graph that specifically represents a WDN. This is a complex network that is made by nodes corresponding to water sources and consumption points and links corresponding to pipes and valves. The aim is to face new challenges on urban water supply, ranging from computing approximations for network performance assessment to setting device positioning for efficient and automatic WDN division into district metered areas. It is consequently created a novel tool-set of graph spectral techniques adapted to improve main water management tasks and to simplify the identification of water losses through the definition of an optimal network partitioning. Two WDNs are used to analyze the proposed methodology. Firstly, the well-known network of C-Town is investigated for benchmarking of the proposed graph spectral framework. This allows for comparing the obtained results with others coming from previously proposed approaches in literature. The second case-study corresponds to an operational network. It shows the usefulness and optimality of the proposal to effectively manage a WDN. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Hydroinformatic Techniques for the Simulation and Analysis of Water Supply and Distribution Systems)
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731 KiB  
Article
A Comparison of Preference Handling Techniques in Multi-Objective Optimisation for Water Distribution Systems
by Gilberto Reynoso-Meza, Victor Henrique Alves Ribeiro and Elizabeth Pauline Carreño-Alvarado
Water 2017, 9(12), 996; https://doi.org/10.3390/w9120996 - 19 Dec 2017
Cited by 6 | Viewed by 4147
Abstract
Dealing with real world engineering problems, often comes with facing multiple and conflicting objectives and requirements. Water distributions systems (WDS) are not exempt from this: while cost and hydraulic performance are usually conflicting objectives, several requirements related with environmental issues in water sources [...] Read more.
Dealing with real world engineering problems, often comes with facing multiple and conflicting objectives and requirements. Water distributions systems (WDS) are not exempt from this: while cost and hydraulic performance are usually conflicting objectives, several requirements related with environmental issues in water sources might be in conflict as well. Commonly, optimisation statements are defined in order to address the WDS design, management and/or control. Multi-objective optimisation can handle such conflicting objectives, by means of a simultaneous optimisation of the design objectives, in order to approximate the so-called Pareto front. In such algorithms it is possible to embed preference handling mechanisms, with the aim of improving the pertinency of the approximation. In this paper we propose two mechanisms to handle such preferences based on the TOPSIS (Technique for Order of Preference by Similarity to Ideal Solution) and PROMETHEE (Preference Ranking Organisation METHod for Enrichment of Evaluations) methods. Performance evaluation on two benchmarks validates the usefulness of such approaches according to the degree of flexibility to capture designers’ preferences. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Hydroinformatic Techniques for the Simulation and Analysis of Water Supply and Distribution Systems)
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1793 KiB  
Article
Influence of Extreme Strength in Water Quality of the Jucazinho Reservoir, Northeastern Brazil, PE
by Rafael Roney Camara De Melo, Ioná Maria Beltrão Rameh Barbosa, Aida Araújo Ferreira, Alessandra Lee Barbosa Firmo, Simone Rosa Da Silva, José Almir Cirilo and Ronaldo Ribeiro Barbosa De Aquino
Water 2017, 9(12), 955; https://doi.org/10.3390/w9120955 - 07 Dec 2017
Cited by 9 | Viewed by 3566
Abstract
The Jucazinho reservoir was built in the State of Pernambuco, Northeastern Brazil, to water supply in a great part of the population that live in the semi-arid of Pernambuco. This reservoir controls the high part of Capibaribe river basin, area affected several actions [...] Read more.
The Jucazinho reservoir was built in the State of Pernambuco, Northeastern Brazil, to water supply in a great part of the population that live in the semi-arid of Pernambuco. This reservoir controls the high part of Capibaribe river basin, area affected several actions that can compromise the reservoir water quality such as disposal of domestic sewage, industrial wastewater and agriculture with use of fertilizers. This study aimed to identify the factors that lead to water quality of the Jucazinho reservoir using a database containing information of nine years of reservoir water quality monitoring in line with a multivariate statistical technique known as Principal Component Analysis (PCA). To use this technique, it was selected two components which determine the quality of the reservoir water. The first principal component, ranging from an annual basis, explained the relationship between the development of cyanobacteria, the concentration of dissolved solids and electrical conductivity, comparing it with the variation in the dam volume, total phosphorus levels and turbidity. The second principal component, ranging from a mensal basis, explained the photosynthetic activity performed by cyanobacteria confronting with the variation in the dam volume. It observed the relationship between water quality parameters with rainfall, featuring an annual and seasonal pattern that can be used as reference to behaviour studies of this reservoir. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Hydroinformatic Techniques for the Simulation and Analysis of Water Supply and Distribution Systems)
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4734 KiB  
Article
Implementation of DMAs in Intermittent Water Supply Networks Based on Equity Criteria
by Amilkar E. Ilaya-Ayza, Carlos Martins, Enrique Campbell and Joaquín Izquierdo
Water 2017, 9(11), 851; https://doi.org/10.3390/w9110851 - 03 Nov 2017
Cited by 26 | Viewed by 5942
Abstract
Intermittent supply is a common way of delivering water in many developing countries. Limitations on water and economic resources, in addition to poor management and population growth, limit the possibilities of delivering water 24 h a day. Intermittent water supply networks are usually [...] Read more.
Intermittent supply is a common way of delivering water in many developing countries. Limitations on water and economic resources, in addition to poor management and population growth, limit the possibilities of delivering water 24 h a day. Intermittent water supply networks are usually designed and managed in an empirical manner, or using tools and criteria devised for continuous supply systems, and this approach can produce supply inequity. In this paper, an approach based on the hydraulic capacity concept, which uses soft computing tools of graph theory and cluster analysis, is developed to define sectors, also called district metered areas (DMAs), to produce an equitable water supply. Moreover, this approach helps determine the supply time for each sector, which depends on each sector’s hydraulic characteristics. This process also includes the opinions of water company experts, the individuals who are best acquainted with the intricacies of the network. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Hydroinformatic Techniques for the Simulation and Analysis of Water Supply and Distribution Systems)
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1938 KiB  
Article
A Hybrid Water Distribution Networks Design Optimization Method Based on a Search Space Reduction Approach and a Genetic Algorithm
by Juan Reca, Juan Martínez and Rafael López
Water 2017, 9(11), 845; https://doi.org/10.3390/w9110845 - 02 Nov 2017
Cited by 29 | Viewed by 6401
Abstract
This work presents a new approach to increase the efficiency of the heuristics methods applied to the optimal design of water distribution systems. The approach is based on reducing the search space by bounding the diameters that can be used for every network [...] Read more.
This work presents a new approach to increase the efficiency of the heuristics methods applied to the optimal design of water distribution systems. The approach is based on reducing the search space by bounding the diameters that can be used for every network pipe. To reduce the search space, two opposite extreme flow distribution scenarios are analyzed and velocity restrictions to the pipe flow are then applied. The first scenario produces the most uniform flow distribution in the network. The opposite scenario is represented by the network with the maximum flow accumulation. Both extreme flow distributions are calculated by solving a quadratic programming problem, which is a very robust and efficient procedure. This approach has been coupled to a Genetic Algorithm (GA). The GA has an integer coding scheme and variable number of alleles depending on the number of diameters comprised within the velocity restrictions. The methodology has been applied to several benchmark networks and its performance has been compared to a classic GA formulation with a non-bounded search space. It considerably reduced the search space and provided a much faster and more accurate convergence than the GA formulation. This approach can also be coupled to other metaheuristics. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Hydroinformatic Techniques for the Simulation and Analysis of Water Supply and Distribution Systems)
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2389 KiB  
Article
A Hybrid Heuristic Optimization Approach for Leak Detection in Pipe Networks Using Ordinal Optimization Approach and the Symbiotic Organism Search
by Chao-Chih Lin
Water 2017, 9(10), 812; https://doi.org/10.3390/w9100812 - 24 Oct 2017
Cited by 13 | Viewed by 5283
Abstract
A new transient-based hybrid heuristic approach is developed to optimize a transient generation process and to detect leaks in pipe networks. The approach couples the ordinal optimization approach (OOA) and the symbiotic organism search (SOS) to solve the optimization problem by means of [...] Read more.
A new transient-based hybrid heuristic approach is developed to optimize a transient generation process and to detect leaks in pipe networks. The approach couples the ordinal optimization approach (OOA) and the symbiotic organism search (SOS) to solve the optimization problem by means of iterations. A pipe network analysis model (PNSOS) is first used to determine steady-state head distribution and pipe flow rates. The best transient generation point and its relevant valve operation parameters are optimized by maximizing the objective function of transient energy. The transient event is created at the chosen point, and the method of characteristics (MOC) is used to analyze the transient flow. The OOA is applied to sift through the candidate pipes and the initial organisms with leak information. The SOS is employed to determine the leaks by minimizing the sum of differences between simulated and computed head at the observation points. Two synthetic leaking scenarios, a simple pipe network and a water distribution network (WDN), are chosen to test the performance of leak detection ordinal symbiotic organism search (LDOSOS). Leak information can be accurately identified by the proposed approach for both of the scenarios. The presented technique makes a remarkable contribution to the success of leak detection in the pipe networks. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Hydroinformatic Techniques for the Simulation and Analysis of Water Supply and Distribution Systems)
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1867 KiB  
Article
Data-Driven Study of Discolouration Material Mobilisation in Trunk Mains
by Gregory Meyers, Zoran Kapelan and Edward Keedwell
Water 2017, 9(10), 811; https://doi.org/10.3390/w9100811 - 24 Oct 2017
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 4318
Abstract
It has been shown that sufficiently high velocities can cause the mobilisation of discolouration material in water distribution systems. However, how much typical hydraulic conditions affect the mobilisation of discolouration material has yet to be thoroughly investigated. In this paper, results are presented [...] Read more.
It has been shown that sufficiently high velocities can cause the mobilisation of discolouration material in water distribution systems. However, how much typical hydraulic conditions affect the mobilisation of discolouration material has yet to be thoroughly investigated. In this paper, results are presented from real turbidity and flow observations collected from three U.K. trunk main networks over a period of two years and 11 months. A methodology is presented that determines whether discolouration material has been mobilised by hydraulic forces and the origin of that material. The methodology found that the majority of turbidity observations over 1 Nephelometric Turbidity Units (NTU) could be linked to a preceding hydraulic force that exceeded an upstream pipe’s hydraulically preconditioned state. The findings presented in this paper show the potential in proactively managing the hydraulic profile to reduce discolouration risk and improve customer service. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Hydroinformatic Techniques for the Simulation and Analysis of Water Supply and Distribution Systems)
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4892 KiB  
Article
Transient Wave Scattering and Its Influence on Transient Analysis and Leak Detection in Urban Water Supply Systems: Theoretical Analysis and Numerical Validation
by Huan-Feng Duan
Water 2017, 9(10), 789; https://doi.org/10.3390/w9100789 - 13 Oct 2017
Cited by 6 | Viewed by 5435
Abstract
This paper investigates the impacts of non-uniformities of pipe diameter (i.e., an inhomogeneous cross-sectional area along pipelines) on transient wave behavior and propagation in water supply pipelines. The multi-scale wave perturbation method is firstly used to derive analytical solutions for the amplitude evolution [...] Read more.
This paper investigates the impacts of non-uniformities of pipe diameter (i.e., an inhomogeneous cross-sectional area along pipelines) on transient wave behavior and propagation in water supply pipelines. The multi-scale wave perturbation method is firstly used to derive analytical solutions for the amplitude evolution of transient pressure wave propagation in pipelines, considering regular and random variations of cross-sectional area, respectively. The analytical analysis is based on the one-dimensional (1D) transient wave equation for pipe flow. Both derived results show that transient waves can be attenuated and scattered significantly along the longitudinal direction of the pipeline due to the regular and random non-uniformities of pipe diameter. The obtained analytical results are then validated by extensive 1D numerical simulations under different incident wave and non-uniform pipe conditions. The comparative results indicate that the derived analytical solutions are applicable and useful to describe the wave scattering effect in complex pipeline systems. Finally, the practical implications and influence of wave scattering effects on transient flow analysis and transient-based leak detection in urban water supply systems are discussed in the paper. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Hydroinformatic Techniques for the Simulation and Analysis of Water Supply and Distribution Systems)
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6421 KiB  
Article
Energy Dissipation in Circular Drop Manholes under Different Outflow Conditions
by Feidong Zheng, Yun Li, Jianjun Zhao and Jianfeng An
Water 2017, 9(10), 752; https://doi.org/10.3390/w9100752 - 30 Sep 2017
Cited by 14 | Viewed by 8481
Abstract
Circular drop manholes have been an important device for energy dissipation and reduction of flow velocities in urban drainage networks. The energy dissipation in a drop manhole depends on the manhole flow patterns, the outflow regimes in the exit pipe and the downstream [...] Read more.
Circular drop manholes have been an important device for energy dissipation and reduction of flow velocities in urban drainage networks. The energy dissipation in a drop manhole depends on the manhole flow patterns, the outflow regimes in the exit pipe and the downstream operation conditions, and is closely related to the hydraulic and geometric parameters of the manhole. In the present work, the energy dissipation of a drop manhole with three drop heights was experimentally investigated under free outflow conditions and constrained outflow conditions. The results demonstrate that the local head loss coefficient is solely related to the dimensionless drop parameter for free surface outflow without a downstream backwater effect, whereas it depends on the dimensionless submerge parameter for constrained outflow. Moreover, it is concluded that the energy dissipation is largely promoted when outlet choking occurs. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Hydroinformatic Techniques for the Simulation and Analysis of Water Supply and Distribution Systems)
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7936 KiB  
Article
Enabling Efficient and Sustainable Transitions of Water Distribution Systems under Network Structure Uncertainty
by Jonatan Zischg, Michael Mair, Wolfgang Rauch and Robert Sitzenfrei
Water 2017, 9(9), 715; https://doi.org/10.3390/w9090715 - 18 Sep 2017
Cited by 14 | Viewed by 5206
Abstract
This paper focuses on the performance of water distribution systems (WDSs) during long-term city transitions. A transition describes the pathway from an initial to a final planning stage including the structural and functional changes on the infrastructure over time. A methodology is presented [...] Read more.
This paper focuses on the performance of water distribution systems (WDSs) during long-term city transitions. A transition describes the pathway from an initial to a final planning stage including the structural and functional changes on the infrastructure over time. A methodology is presented where consecutive WDSs under changing conditions are automatically created, simulated and then analyzed at specific points in time during a transition process of several decades. Consequential WDS analyses include (a) uncertain network structure, (b) temporal and spatial demand variation and (c) network displacement. With the proposed approach, it is possible to identify robust WDS structures and critical points in time for which sufficient hydraulic and water quality requirements cannot be ensured to the customers. The approach is applied to a case study, where a WDS transition of epic dimensions is currently taking place due to a city relocation. The resulting necessity of its WDS transition is modelled with automatically created planning options for consecutive years of the transition process. For the investigated case study, we tested a traditional “doing-all-at-the-end” approach, where necessary pipe upgrades are performed at the last stages of the transition process. Results show that the sole design of the desired final-stage WDS is insufficient. Owing to the drastic network deconstruction and the stepwise “loss of capacity”, critical pipes must be redesigned at earlier stages to maintain acceptable service levels for most of the investigated future scenarios. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Hydroinformatic Techniques for the Simulation and Analysis of Water Supply and Distribution Systems)
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1459 KiB  
Article
PEPSO: Reducing Electricity Usage and Associated Pollution Emissions of Water Pumps
by S. Mohsen Sadatiyan A. and Carol J. Miller
Water 2017, 9(9), 640; https://doi.org/10.3390/w9090640 - 26 Aug 2017
Cited by 8 | Viewed by 5473
Abstract
Using metaheuristic optimization methods has enabled researchers to reduce the electricity consumption cost of small water distribution systems (WDSs). However, dealing with complicated WDSs and reducing their environmental footprint remains a challenge. In this study a multi-objective version of Pollution Emission Pump Station [...] Read more.
Using metaheuristic optimization methods has enabled researchers to reduce the electricity consumption cost of small water distribution systems (WDSs). However, dealing with complicated WDSs and reducing their environmental footprint remains a challenge. In this study a multi-objective version of Pollution Emission Pump Station Optimization tool (PEPSO) is introduced that can reduce the electricity cost and pollution emissions (associated with the energy consumption) of pumps of WDSs. PEPSO includes a user-friendly graphical interface and a customized version of the non-dominated sorting genetic algorithm. A measure that is called “Undesirability Index” (UI) is defined to assist the search for a promising optimization path. The UI also ensures that the final results are desirable and practical. The various features of PEPSO are tested under six scenarios for optimizing the WDS of Monroe City, MI, and Richmond, UK. The test results indicate that in a reasonable amount of time, PEPSO can optimize and provide practical results for both WDSs. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Hydroinformatic Techniques for the Simulation and Analysis of Water Supply and Distribution Systems)
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1276 KiB  
Article
Estimation of Water Demand in Water Distribution Systems Using Particle Swarm Optimization
by Lawrence K. Letting, Yskandar Hamam and Adnan M. Abu-Mahfouz
Water 2017, 9(8), 593; https://doi.org/10.3390/w9080593 - 21 Aug 2017
Cited by 30 | Viewed by 8537
Abstract
Demand estimation in a water distribution network provides crucial data for monitoring and controlling systems. Because of budgetary and physical constraints, there is a need to estimate water demand from a limited number of sensor measurements. The demand estimation problem is underdetermined because [...] Read more.
Demand estimation in a water distribution network provides crucial data for monitoring and controlling systems. Because of budgetary and physical constraints, there is a need to estimate water demand from a limited number of sensor measurements. The demand estimation problem is underdetermined because of the limited sensor data and the implicit relationships between nodal demands and pressure heads. A simulation optimization technique using the water distribution network hydraulic model and an evolutionary algorithm is a potential solution to the demand estimation problem. This paper presents a detailed process simulation model for water demand estimation using the particle swarm optimization (PSO) algorithm. Nodal water demands and pipe flows are estimated when the number of estimated parameters is more than the number of measured values. The water demand at each node is determined by using the PSO algorithm to identify a corresponding demand multiplier. The demand multipliers are encoded with varying step sizes and the optimization algorithm particles are also discretized in order to improve the computation time. The sensitivity of the estimated water demand to uncertainty in demand multiplier discrete values and uncertainty in measured parameters is investigated. The sensor placement locations are selected using an analysis of the sensitivity of measured nodal heads and pipe flows to the change in the water demand. The results show that nodal demands and pipe flows can be accurately determined from a limited number of sensors. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Hydroinformatic Techniques for the Simulation and Analysis of Water Supply and Distribution Systems)
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2766 KiB  
Article
Non-Dominated Sorting Harmony Search Differential Evolution (NS-HS-DE): A Hybrid Algorithm for Multi-Objective Design of Water Distribution Networks
by Jafar Yazdi, Young Hwan Choi and Joong Hoon Kim
Water 2017, 9(8), 587; https://doi.org/10.3390/w9080587 - 07 Aug 2017
Cited by 28 | Viewed by 4533
Abstract
We developed a hybrid algorithm for multi-objective design of water distribution networks (WDNs) in the present study. The proposed algorithm combines the global search schemes of differential evolution (DE) with the local search capabilities of harmony search (HS) to enhance the search proficiency [...] Read more.
We developed a hybrid algorithm for multi-objective design of water distribution networks (WDNs) in the present study. The proposed algorithm combines the global search schemes of differential evolution (DE) with the local search capabilities of harmony search (HS) to enhance the search proficiency of evolutionary algorithms. This method was compared with other multi-objective evolutionary algorithms (MOEAs) including NSGA2, SPEA2, MOEA/D and extended versions of DE and HS combined with non-dominance criteria using several metrics. We tested the compared algorithms on four benchmark WDN design problems with two objective functions, (i) the minimization of cost and (ii) the maximization of resiliency as reliability measure. The results showed that the proposed hybrid method provided better optimal solutions and outperformed the other algorithms. It also exhibited significant improvement over previous MOEAs. The hybrid algorithm generated new optimal solutions for a case study that dominated the best-known Pareto-optimal solutions in the literature Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Hydroinformatic Techniques for the Simulation and Analysis of Water Supply and Distribution Systems)
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2107 KiB  
Article
A Probabilistic Short-Term Water Demand Forecasting Model Based on the Markov Chain
by Francesca Gagliardi, Stefano Alvisi, Zoran Kapelan and Marco Franchini
Water 2017, 9(7), 507; https://doi.org/10.3390/w9070507 - 12 Jul 2017
Cited by 41 | Viewed by 6441
Abstract
This paper proposes a short-term water demand forecasting method based on the use of the Markov chain. This method provides estimates of future demands by calculating probabilities that the future demand value will fall within pre-assigned intervals covering the expected total variability. More [...] Read more.
This paper proposes a short-term water demand forecasting method based on the use of the Markov chain. This method provides estimates of future demands by calculating probabilities that the future demand value will fall within pre-assigned intervals covering the expected total variability. More specifically, two models based on homogeneous and non-homogeneous Markov chains were developed and presented. These models, together with two benchmark models (based on artificial neural network and naïve methods), were applied to three real-life case studies for the purpose of forecasting the respective water demands from 1 to 24 h ahead. The results obtained show that the model based on a homogeneous Markov chain provides more accurate short-term forecasts than the one based on a non-homogeneous Markov chain, which is in line with the artificial neural network model. Both Markov chain models enable probabilistic information regarding the stochastic demand forecast to be easily obtained. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Hydroinformatic Techniques for the Simulation and Analysis of Water Supply and Distribution Systems)
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Review

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103 pages, 2594 KiB  
Review
Lost in Optimisation of Water Distribution Systems? A Literature Review of System Design
by Helena Mala-Jetmarova, Nargiz Sultanova and Dragan Savic
Water 2018, 10(3), 307; https://doi.org/10.3390/w10030307 - 13 Mar 2018
Cited by 107 | Viewed by 14027
Abstract
Optimisation of water distribution system design is a well-established research field, which has been extremely productive since the end of the 1980s. Its primary focus is to minimise the cost of a proposed pipe network infrastructure. This paper reviews in a systematic manner [...] Read more.
Optimisation of water distribution system design is a well-established research field, which has been extremely productive since the end of the 1980s. Its primary focus is to minimise the cost of a proposed pipe network infrastructure. This paper reviews in a systematic manner articles published over the past three decades, which are relevant to the design of new water distribution systems, and the strengthening, expansion and rehabilitation of existing water distribution systems, inclusive of design timing, parameter uncertainty, water quality, and operational considerations. It identifies trends and limits in the field, and provides future research directions. Exclusively, this review paper also contains comprehensive information from over one hundred and twenty publications in a tabular form, including optimisation model formulations, solution methodologies used, and other important details. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Hydroinformatic Techniques for the Simulation and Analysis of Water Supply and Distribution Systems)
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780 KiB  
Review
Overview, Comparative Assessment and Recommendations of Forecasting Models for Short-Term Water Demand Prediction
by Amos O. Anele, Yskandar Hamam, Adnan M. Abu-Mahfouz and Ezio Todini
Water 2017, 9(11), 887; https://doi.org/10.3390/w9110887 - 13 Nov 2017
Cited by 47 | Viewed by 7371
Abstract
The stochastic nature of water consumption patterns during the day and week varies. Therefore, to continually provide water to consumers with appropriate quality, quantity and pressure, water utilities require accurate and appropriate short-term water demand (STWD) forecasts. In view of this, an overview [...] Read more.
The stochastic nature of water consumption patterns during the day and week varies. Therefore, to continually provide water to consumers with appropriate quality, quantity and pressure, water utilities require accurate and appropriate short-term water demand (STWD) forecasts. In view of this, an overview of forecasting methods for STWD prediction is presented. Based on that, a comparative assessment of the performance of alternative forecasting models from the different methods is studied. Times series models (i.e., autoregressive (AR), moving average (MA), autoregressive-moving average (ARMA), and ARMA with exogenous variable (ARMAX)) introduced by Box and Jenkins (1970), feed-forward back-propagation neural network (FFBP-NN), and hybrid model (i.e., combined forecasts from ARMA and FFBP-NN) are compared with each other for a common set of data. Akaike information criterion (AIC), originally proposed by Akaike (1974) is used to estimate the quality of each short-term forecasting model. Furthermore, Nash–Sutcliffe (NS) model efficiency coefficient proposed by Nash–Sutcliffe (1970), root mean square error (RMSE) and mean absolute percentage error (MAPE) are the forecasting statistical terms used to assess the predictive performance of the models. Lastly, as regards the selection of an accurate and appropriate STWD forecasting model, this paper provides recommendations and future work based on the forecasts generated by each of the predictive models considered. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Hydroinformatic Techniques for the Simulation and Analysis of Water Supply and Distribution Systems)
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